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Development of an embedded system and MATLAB-based GUI for online acquisition and analysis of ECG signal
嵌入式开发系统和用于在线获取和分析ECG信号的基于matlab的GUI
R. Gupta, J.N. Bera, M. Mitra *
Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Calcutta 700009, India
古普塔，J.N.贝拉，m.Mitra
加尔各答大学应用物理系，92年，APC路，加尔各答700009。印度
Keywords:ECG,Serial communication,GUI,MATLAB,Feature extraction.
关键词:心电图，串行通信，GUI，MATLAB，特征提取。
abstract
This paper illustrates a low-cost method for online acquisition of ECG signal for storage and
processing using a MATLAB-based Graphical User Interface (GUI). The single lead ECG is
sampled at a rate of 1 kHz and after digitization, fed to a microcontroller-based embedded
system to convert the ECG data to a RS232 formatted serial bit-stream. This serial data
stream is then transmitted to a desktop Personal Computer at a rate of 19.2 kbps and a
state-of-the art developed software stores it automatically in a temporary data file. The ori-
ginal ECG data is reconstructed from the digital data set by a conversion formula. The MAT-
LAB-based GUI is designed to perform online analysis on the ECG data to compute the
different time-plane features and display the same on the GUI along with the ECG signal plot.
摘要
本文介绍了一种利用基于MATLAB的图形用户界面（GUI）来在线获取ECG信号的低成本方法。单导心电图机的采样率为1 kHz，并在数字化之后，将其输入到一个基于微控制器的嵌入式系统中，将ECG数据转换为RS232格式的串行位流。然后，这个串行数据流以19.2kbps的速度被传输到一个桌面个人计算机，再由一个先进的技术开发软件将它自动存储在一个临时的数据文件中。通过转换公式，从数字数据集重建了原始心电图数据。基于MATLAB的GUI设计用于对ECG数据进行在线分析，以计算不同的时间平面特征，并在GUI上显示与ECG信号图相同的图形。
1. Introduction
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely accepted cost effective and non-invasive tool for cardiac investigations in a clinical set-up. It shows the plot of surface bio-potentials caused due to electrical activity of the heart. Careful consideration of this electrical information provides sufficient detail to identify a number of cardiac abnormalities, some of which can lead to chronic disease and ultimately death.In 1887 A.D. Weller first published his work on human ECG recording. However, W. Einthhoven is considered as the pioneer of standardizing the ECG lead system followed today.
- 介绍
心电图（ECG）是一种被广泛接受的用于在临床设置中进行心脏调查的划算且非侵入性的工具。它显示了由于心脏的电活动引起的表面生物电位图。细心考虑这些电子信息可以提供足够的细节来识别一些心脏异常，其中一些会导致慢性疾病并最终导致死亡。在1887年，韦勒首次出版了他的人类心电图记录。然而，在今天，w.艾因霍文被认为是标准化ECG领导系统的先驱。
ECG data acquisition and automated processing has been one of the thrust areas of research over the last few decades. The importance of ECG monitoring find wide application in the areas like health-care, sports, military,space-programmes, and home-care services. With the advancement of communication technologies, backed by low-power, intelligent, complex processing chip design, it is possible to monitor a patient from remote point. Remote monitoring techniques were initially adopted for Intensive Care Units (ICU) in hospitals, but later implemented on elderly people, handicapped or patients with chronic diseases after they are released from hospitals. The
advantages of remote monitoring are enhanced freedom of the patient to lead normal life, ability to monitor a number of patients distributed in an area from a centralized location.
在过去的几十年里，ECG数据采集和自动化处理一直是研究的重点领域之一。ECG监测的重要性在卫生保健、体育、军事、太空计划和家庭护理服务等领域得到广泛应用。随着通信技术的进步，在低功率、智能、复杂加工的芯片设计的支持下，从远程点对病人进行监控成为可能。远程监测技术一开始是在医院的重症监护病房被使用，但后来在从医院出院后对老年人、残疾人或慢性病患者实施。远程监控的优点是提高了患者的正常生活的自由，并且它能够监控分布在一个集中区域的许多病人。
Following Einthhovenrsquo;s study, the preliminary approach towards of ECG transmission utilized public telephone lines, largely based on Frequency Modulation (FM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) techniques.The first step in modern Tele-cardiology, with introduction of computers in communication and data processing was digitization of the ECG signal. Currently Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) lines with high-speed modems are still used in developing nations like India for ECG signal telemetry. From 1980 onwards, cellular networks and satellite links were increasingly used in implementing lsquo;mobilersquo; Tele-cardiology systems .
在艾因霍温的研究之后，ECG传输的初步方法利用了公共电话线，主要是基于频率调制（FM）和频分多路复用（FDM）技术。随着在通信和数据处理方面引入计算机，现代远程心脏病学的第一步是ECG信号的数字化。目前，在发展中国家比如印度当中，使用高速调制解调器的公共交换电话网络（PSTN）线路仍被用于ECG信号遥测技术。从1980年起，蜂窝网络和卫星连接越来越多地用于实施“移动”远程心脏病学系统。
Biopotential readout circuits are the most important part of an ECG signal acquisition system, not only due to weak values of the signal itself, but also the environment and the apparatus in which the measurement is done. A special biopotential amplifier is used for boosting the weak ECG signal. Some essential characteristics of such amplifiers are, high Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) to reject interference from mains, low-noise for high signal quality, ultra-low power dissipation for long-term power autonomy, configurable gain and filter characteristics that suit the needs of different biopotential signals under different applications. An instrumentation amplifier (IA) is the most critical building block of the analog front-end read-out, since it determines the CMRR and noise level.In addition, it is the most power-consuming block of the analog signal acquisition circuit.Another IA approach use Current Balancing(CB) technique, where the input stage acts as transconductance amplifier. One advantage of CB technique is that it eliminates the errors introduced by non-matching of resistors (as in the conventional IA) to achieve high CMRR, and provides low output.Other methods include Switched-capacitor, Chopper-Modulation Techniques.Use of sigma-delta analog to digital converters(ADC) for direct ECG acquisition is reported.
生物电位读出电路是ECG信号采集系统中最重要的部分，这不仅仅是由于信号本身的弱值，还和环境和测量完成的仪器有关系。特殊的生物电位放大器是用来提高弱ECG信号的。该放大器的一些基本特性是：高共模抑制率（CMRR），拒绝主电源干扰，低噪声高信号质量，超低功耗长期电源自主，可配置增益和过滤特性，适合不同应用场合下不同生物信号的需要。仪表放大器（IA）是模拟前端读出的最关键的组成部分，因为它决定了CMRR和噪声级。此外，它还是模拟信号采集电路中最消耗能量的块。另一种IA方法使用当前的平衡（CB）技术，在这个技术中，输入级充当了传导放大器。CB技术的一个
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