船舶碰撞原因分析外文翻译资料

 2022-08-02 09:46:50

Analysis on causes of ships collision

Jia Xuzhi, Zhao Yuelin amp; Sun Guang

Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, P.R. China

Abstract

On the basis of the analysis of a great number of ship collision cases at home and abroad, this paper deals with the surrounding conditions prior to and on-the-spot collision, the positions of the concerned ships, the time and distance of the first spot of the coming vessel and actions to avoid the collision. Still this paper sums up the main causes of ship collision.

1 Introduction

This article, according to the statistic analysis of 50 collision cases at sea, has come to the conclusion that there exists a chain of collision constituted by the regular look-out, the use of a safe speed, the determination of risk of collision and the actions taken to avoid collision at the initial point, at the developing point and at the resulting point of respective stages. Each circle of the chain is connected into the above integrative chain by officers, vessels themselves and the circumstances. Therefore, collision is resulted in by the break-away of the chain of collision. To avoid collision, every captain and officer must fully understand, master and apply the chain of collision and keep the succession of such a chain.

2 Statistic Analysis of the Collision Cases

2.1 The Break-Away of the Chain of Collision Caused by Objective Conditions

According to the statistic analysis of collision cases, it is indicated from Table 1 that the locations of sea waters where collisions occur are as follows: inshore area 48%, restricted waters 28%, harbor area and its vicinity 22%, the high seas 2%. From Figure 1 which shows the months when collision accidents occur, it can be seen that from April to July accidents are 48% of the total and those which occurred in April are 20% of the total. As far as the China Sea inshore area is concerned, it is during the foggy period in spring and summer that the collision accident rate is th e highest. From Table 2 which shows the time when vessel

water area

high sea

inshore area

Restricted waters

harbor area

percentage

2%

48%

28%

22%

Table 1 locations of sea waters where collisions occur

collisions occur, it can be seen that accidents occur at night is 56% of the total and those occur in day time is 44%. From Figure 2, it can be seen that at night, there appear two peak values-- one is 0000-0400, that is 26% of the total, when the second officer is on duty; the other is 2000-2400, 22% of the total when the third officer is on duty. In addition to the above values, there appears another one peak 0400-0800, 18% of the total when the chief officer is on duty. As far as visibility is concerned, from Figure 3 it can be seen that the collision accidents occurring when visibility is poor is 56% of the total, the accidents occurring in day time are 30%, and those at night are 26% of the total, there is little difference between the two percentages. Therefore extreme caution must be kept against collision, whether it is in day time or at night. In good visibility, collision is 30% of at night while 14% in day time of the total. Obviously collision accidents occurring at night are more than double those occurring in day time, so extreme caution against collisions are needed.

1800-0400

1800-0400

0400-1800

0400-1800

good visibility

restricted visibility

good visibility

restricted visibility

30%

26%

14%

30%

Table 2 the time when collision occur in good visibility and restricted visibility

2.2 Measures Taken Against Collisions

Firstly, it is required that captains and officers have a clear concept about collision, that is, extreme caution should be kept against collision when navigating on collision-occurring sea waters in collision-occurring months.

Secondly, every officer on night duty should be highly aware of the fact that collision is possible at anytime during the peak periods of collisions and therefore a keen alert should be kept on whether in day time or at night when in poor visibility.

Thirdly, it is required that the captain frequently inspect the activities of the officers on duty, reasonably arrange the watch-on and look-out personnel, etc. and give the officers on duty concrete instructions concerning their responsibilities in the 'Night Sailing Orders Log' when navigating on above-mentioned sea waters and during the above seasons and periods. Furthermore, the captain should pay attention to their relaxation length, health conditions and psychological factors, etc.

3 Correct Understanding, Mastering and Application of the Collision Chain

3.1 Keeping a Proper Lookout

There is a detailed description of the look-out personnel, positions and methods in Rule 5 (International Regulations For Preventing Collision At Sea, 1972) and in the watch-on suggestions by IMO. This article would like to draw its readers attention that the officers on watch bear heavier look-out responsibilities than those look-out personnel do. It is well known that the look-out personnel on the fore castle can only discover the approaching vessel and other dangerous objects by sight and hearing. In addition to the sight and hearing, officers on duty should apply the available equipment and instruments such as VHF and Radar for looking out all-direction targets. A vessel should watch and detect the coming vessels bearing on gyrocompass. The application of radar can never be neglected, especially when a radar plotting or its equi

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船舶碰撞原因分析

贾绪之、赵月林、孙光 大连海事大学

摘要

本文在分析国内外大量船舶碰撞案例的基础上,论述了碰撞前和碰撞现场的环境条件、相关船舶的位置、来船第一个碰撞点的时间和距离以及避免碰撞的措施。本文还总结了船舶碰撞的主要原因。

  1. 导言

本文根据对50起海上碰撞事故的统计分析,得出结论:存在一系列的碰撞,这些碰撞是由正规了望、使用安全速度、确定碰撞风险以及在初始点、发展点和相应阶段的结果点为避免碰撞而采取的行动构成的。链条的每一圈都由船员、船只本身和环境连接成上述的一体化链条。因此,碰撞是由碰撞链的断裂引起的。为了避免碰撞,每个船长和高级船员都必须充分理解、掌握和运用碰撞链,并让这种链保持连续。

  1. 碰撞案例的统计分析

2.1 客观条件导致的碰撞链的断裂

根据碰撞案例的统计分析,从表1可以看出,发生碰撞的海域位置为:近岸海域48%,限制海域28%,港区及其附近海域22%,公海2%。从图1(碰撞事故发生的月份)可以看出,从4月到7月发生事故占总数的48%,4月发生的事故占总数的20%。就中国近海而言,春季和夏季的雾天碰撞事故率最高。由表2可以看出发生碰撞时,夜间发生的事故占总数的56%,白天发生的事故占44%。从图2可以看出,夜间出现两个峰值——一个是二副班0000-0400,占总数的26%;另一个是三副班2000-2400,占总数的22%。除上述数值外,还出现另一个峰值大副班0400-0800,占总量的18%。就能见度而言,从图3可以看出,能见度低时发生的碰撞事故占总数的56%,白天发生的事故占30%,夜间发生的事故占26%,两者相差不大。因此,无论是在白天还是在晚上,都必须非常小心地防止碰撞。在能见度好的情况下,碰撞发生在夜间占30%,白天占14%。很明显,夜间发生的碰撞事故是白天的两倍多,所以需要特别小心避免碰撞。

水域

公海

近岸地区

限制水域

港口地区

百分率

2%

48%

28%

22%

表1发生碰撞的海水位置

1800-0400

1800-0400

0400-1800

0400-1800

能见度良好

能见度受限

能见度良好

能见度受限

30%

26%

14%

30%

表2在能见度良好和受限的情况下发生碰撞的时间

2.2 防止碰撞的措施

首先,要求船长和高级船员对碰撞有一个明确的概念,即在易发生碰撞的月份航行在易发生碰撞的海域,应特别小心避免碰撞。第二,每一个值夜班的船员都应清楚认识一个事实,即在碰撞高峰期的任何时候都有可能发生碰撞,因此,在能见度低的情况下无论是白天还是晚上,都应保持高度警惕。第三,要求船长经常检查值班人员的行动,合理安排值班和了望人员等。在上述季节时段航行在上述的海域时,须在“夜航命令簿”中向值班人员具体说明其职责。此外,船长应考虑到他们的休息时间、健康状况和心理因素等。

  1. 正确理解、掌握和应用碰撞链

3.1 保持适当的了望

规则5(1972年《国际海上避碰规则》)和海事组织的值班建议中详细描述了了望人员、了望位置和了望方法。这篇文章引起了读者的注意,值班人员比那些了望人员承担更重的值班责任。众所周知,艏楼的了望人员只能通过视觉和听觉发现正在靠近的船只和其他危险物体。除了视觉和听觉之外,值班人员还应使用可用的设备和仪器,如甚高频和雷达,以观察所有方向的目标。一艘船应该在陀螺罗经上观察和探测到来船的方位,尽管雷达在能见度有限的情况下有其局限性但雷达的应用是不可忽视的,尤其是在进行雷达标绘或等效的系统观测时。值班人员和了望人员的区别在于,值班人员必须始终对情况和碰撞风险保持准确的估计。了望中的任何疏忽不仅包括未能及时发现驶来的船只,还包括在发现驶来的船只后是否对当时情况和碰撞风险做出准确估计。这是导致碰撞链断裂的原因之一。从碰撞案例中可以看出,几乎所有的船只都忽略了了望。从图3可以看出,在2海里内发现的来船是580艘,在2-3海里内的是10%,在3-6海里内的是10%。在这么短的距离内,怎么可能对情况和碰撞风险做出准确的估计呢?从碰撞案例的统计中还可以看出,未使用雷达造成的碰撞案例占总数的12%,使用雷达但未使用雷达标绘或同等系统观测且信息不充分的碰撞案例占总数的56%。本文认为,如果船舶只发现来船而不通过罗经方位或雷达标绘或类似方法来确定碰撞危险,也是不正规的了望。

图3发现进港船只时船只之间的距离

3.2 以安全速度行驶

从案例统计来看,因未能以安全航速行驶而发生碰撞的案例占总数的62%。也就是说,38%的案例是以安全的航速行驶,但是碰撞还是发生了。可以这样认为,在38%的情况下,碰撞链没有在这个循环中断开。相反,我们可以通过分析62%的案例来找出导致碰撞的原因。从规则6来看,以安全航速前进其目的是能够采取适当和有效的避碰行动,以便船能够在适合当时的情况和条件的距离内停下来。手段和目的都是保证安全速度的充分必要条件。全速航行时当在短距离内发现或探测到另一艘船时,很少有足够的时间来决定采取什么行动。因为船已经进入浓雾,且紧迫局面正在迅速形成,为了有更多的时间来判断情况,要求每艘船进一步减速。第19条明确规定,“每一船当听到他船的雾号显似在本船正横以前,或者与正横以前的他船不能避免紧迫局面时,应将航速减到能维持其航向的最小速度。必要时,应把船完全停住,而且,无论如何,应极其谨慎地驾驶,直到碰撞危险过去为止” 。本文还认为,安全速度是一种能够有更多时间和足够距离来确定碰撞风险的速度。

3.3 碰撞风险的确定

众所周知,确定碰撞风险需要时间和距离。但从碰撞案例的统计分析来看,进港船在3海里内被发现的案例占总数的68%,也就是说,在做出任何决定之前,已经形成了紧迫局面。在本条中应再次提醒,在使用规则7时重要的原则是,本规则适用于碰撞风险可以避免的阶段,而不是碰撞风险已经形成和确定的阶段。毫无疑问,在3 n英里范围内发现来船违反了规则7。

图4来船首次被发现的时间

再看一看碰撞案例中发现来船的时间。从图4可以看出,在碰撞前5分钟内发现来船的情况占40%,在碰撞前10分钟内发现来船的情况占20%,而在碰撞前15分钟内发现来船的情况占14%。这三个百分比构成了一个新的74%。如果使用雷达并采用雷达标绘或其等效的系统观测,即使考虑其上限值,15分钟显然是很短的。另一方面,在所有碰撞案件中,在碰撞前15分钟发现来船的碰撞案件占26%。就时间而言,所涉及的时间是足够的,但这些船没有进行雷达标绘或相当的系统观测,且错误地对碰撞危险或情况的确定进行判断。就相遇情况而言,据统计,对遇情况占24%,交叉情况占54%,追越情况占19%,其他情况占12%。在确定碰撞风险时,应遵循此原则,即当两艘船互见时,观察来船的罗经方位比雷达观测更准确,在能见度不良时,应明确不能仅根据雷达探测到的距离和方位来完全确认有无配置无线。为了估计碰撞危险的程度,应该预测来船的航向、航速、DCPA和TCPA。

3.4如何采取措施避免碰撞

在理解和应用规则8时,海员、专家和学者倾向于简单地把要采取的行动概括为“在充足的时间内保持不碍事”、驶过让清”和“保持距离”。但从碰撞案例中可以看出,26%的案例违反了第2条第8款的规定,通过使用小舵角对航向做一连串的小变动,这是其他船不容易发现的,因此导致了碰撞链的断裂。在所有这些案例中,34%的人违反了第5条第8款的规定,并且在采取行动时没有让发动机停止或反转,32%的人在情况尚未确定时向左改变了航向。主观的假设和判断导致了碰撞链的断裂,最终导致了碰撞。对于采取避碰行动时的距离,如图5所示,在1海里内采取的行动达到60%。这样的距离与专家学者普遍推荐的安全通行距离(安全DCPA)大不相同。他们认为,“在能见度良好的海洋上,白天的DCPA不小于1 海里,晚上或大风浪时不小于2海里。当能见度不良时, DCPA最小应超过2海里”。如何采取避碰行动的关键原则应该是基于安全通过距离。

图5拟采取避碰措施的距离

  1. 结论

(1)碰撞次数发生过多时,应根据不同的季节、区域和时间采取措施。

(2)船舶应随时保持正规的了望,以发现正在靠近的船舶,并充分认识到普通船员和高级船员的职责区别。

(3)应保持安全航速,如有必要应减速、停车或倒车避免碰撞或留出更多时间判断情况。只有这样,一艘10000吨的船才能大幅缩短7-8倍的停靠距离,并有足够的距离或时间来确定碰撞风险和采取避碰行动。

(4)任何船应使用所有适合于当时情况的手段来确定碰撞风险,如果有任何疑问,这种风险应被视为存在。在能见度良好的情况下,方位观测法是确定碰撞风险的最佳方法。应注意的是,即使来船的方位发生明显变化,也可能存在碰撞风险。在能见度不良的情况下,有必要通过正确使用雷达来确定碰撞风险,包括远程和近程的交替使用。雷达标绘或等效的系统观测通常是有效的方法。应避免缺乏信息时做任何判断和假设。

(5)采取适当措施避免碰撞。毫无疑问,能见度不良时3海里内或者互见中1海里内,当一艘来船突然被发现时就形成了一个紧迫局面。记住你自己船的机动性,如果来船在你自己船前进的距离内,改变你的航线是不可能避免碰撞的,应该毫不犹豫地立即停车或倒车,避免航线有任何大的改变。一般来说,一艘10000吨的船的进距大约是总长的4倍。

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