Are social security policies for Chinese landless farmers really effective on health in the process of Chinese rapid urbanization?
Abstract
Background: The continuing urbanization in China has resulted in a loss of land and rights among farmers. The social security of landless farmers has attracted considerable research attention. However, only few studies measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of landless farmers by employing scientific standardized scales. By using five-dimensional European quality of life (EQ-5D) scales, this study measures the HRQOL of landless farmers from a new perspective and examines how the social security policies affect their HRQOL.
Methods: This study is based on a 2013 household survey that has been conducted among 1,500 landless farmers who are residing in six resettlement areas in three cities within the Yangtze River Delta region, namely, Nanjing,Hangzhou. This study adopts EQ-5D scales to measure the HRQOL of these farmers. More than 50% of the respondents are in poor or non-serious health conditions, and over 50% are not satisfied with their current social security policies. The health conditions and social security policies are analyzed by omnibus regression analysis and the relationship between these two factors are analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM).
Results: First, the descriptive statistical analysis shows that more than 50% of the respondents are in poor or non-serious health conditions, and that the largest proportion of these farmers are suffering from anxiety or depression, which is the most serious of the five dimensions. Second, omnibus regression analysis shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies improves their living conditions, particularly in their capacity for self-care, in their ability to perform daily activities, and in the reduction of pain, anxiety, and depression. Third, SEM model analysis shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies positively influences their HRQOL. Among the five dimensions of EQ-5D, daily activities produce the greatest influence on the HRQOL of landless farmers. As regards social security policies, the land acquisition compensation policy and the employment security policy produce the greatest and weakest influences on the HRQOL of landless farmers, respectively.
Conclusions: The rapid urbanization in China has deprived many farmers of their lands and of the benefits of urbanization. These farmers are often in a disadvantaged position in the land acquisition process. Statistic analysis in this paper shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies positively influences their HRQOL. The implementation and improvement of social security policies is very important for the long-term and sustainable development of these landless farmers.
Keywords: Chinese landless farmers, Social security policy, HRQOL EQ-5D, SEM, Omnibus regression
Introduction
Chinese economic reform has accelerated the urbanization of the country at an unprecedented pace. The Chinese urban population ratio exceeded 50% for the first time in 2011. During the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, terms such as “urbanization” and“urban and rural development” have been mentioned numerous times. The development process of urbanization in China has been closely observed. In the third Conference of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013, policy guidelines were proposed to improve the integration systems and mechanisms of urban and rural development and encourage farmers to participate in the modernization process and share the achievements of modern equality. The means of solving the difficulties encountered in urban development has become a primary social concern. Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of the economic development process, and a large proportion of the agricultural population has transferred to the non-agricultural sector and achieved urbanization. Modernizing in those developed countries is the universal law. More than 30 years after the policy of Reform and Opening-Up, the system arrangement of urbanization in China lifted the restriction on farmers and allowed their entry into the city. The system likewise encouraged and guided farmers to move to the city and rural development and encourage farmers to participate in the modernization process and share the achievements of modern equality. Modernizing in those developed countries is the universal law. More than 30 years after the policy of Reform and Opening-Up, the system arrangement of urbanization in China lifted the restriction on farmers and allowed their entry into the city. this process has an important role in creating job opportunities, improving the industrial structure, and promoting economic growth. However, this process of rapid urbanization affects local Chinese farmers because they are forced to sell their lands to reduce the cost of urbanization. More than four million hectares of agricultural land has been bought off farmers for non-agricultural use over the past 20 years, with more than 50 million farmers losing their primary source of income. Moreover, the unreasonable land property rights system in China has significantly reduced the land use rights of these farmers.
These land acquisitions have shed light on the problems of landless farmers. The majority of studies focus on the four main aspects of such problems, namely, compensation and resettlement, social security, citizenship, and gender differences. First, although the landless farmers have been resettled by job emplacements and currency emplacements, they are unjustly compensated for their land. Areas with few or w
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在中国快速城市化过程失地农民社会保障的政策真的有效吗？
摘要
Background: The continuing urbanization in China has resulted in a loss of land and rights among farmers. The social security of landless farmers has attracted considerable research attention. However, only few studies measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of landless farmers by employing scientific standardized scales. By using five-dimensional European quality of life (EQ-5D) scales, this study measures the HRQOL of landless farmers from a new perspective and examines how the social security policies affect their HRQOL.
背景：在中国持续的城市化造成了农民土地权益的损失。失地农民的社会保障已经吸引了相当多的研究关注。然而，只有少数研究测量健康相关生活质量（HRQOL）失地农民采用科学的标准尺度。利用五维的欧洲生活质量（EQ-5D）量表，研究措施，从新的角度对失地农民生活质量和社会保障政策，探讨如何影响他们的生活质量。
Methods: This study is based on a 2013 household survey that has been conducted among 1,500 landless farmers who are residing in six resettlement areas in three cities within the Yangtze River Delta region, namely, Nanjing,Hangzhou. This study adopts EQ-5D scales to measure the HRQOL of these farmers. More than 50% of the respondents are in poor or non-serious health conditions, and over 50% are not satisfied with their current social security policies. The health conditions and social security policies are analyzed by omnibus regression analysis and the relationship between these two factors are analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM).
方法：本研究是基于一个2013户已进行的调查中，1500的失地农民谁是居住在六个移民安置区三个城市的长江三角洲地区，即南京，杭州，扬州。本研究采用EQ-5D量表来测量这些农民的健康相关生活质量。超过50%的受访者在贫困或不严重的健康状况，超过50%的不满意他们目前的社会保障政策。健康状况和社会保障政策是由综合性的回归分析，这两个因素之间的关系进行分析，通过结构方程模型（SEM）分析。
Results: First, the descriptive statistical analysis shows that more than 50% of the respondents are in poor or non-serious health conditions, and that the largest proportion of these farmers are suffering from anxiety or depression, which is the most serious of the five dimensions. Second, omnibus regression analysis shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies improves their living conditions, particularly in their capacity for self-care, in their ability to perform daily activities, and in the reduction of pain, anxiety, and depression. Third, SEM model analysis shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies positively influences their HRQOL. Among the five dimensions of EQ-5D, daily activities produce the greatest influence on the HRQOL of landless farmers. As regards social security policies, the land acquisition compensation policy and the employment security policy produce the greatest and weakest influences on the HRQOL of landless farmers, respectively.
结果：首先，描述性统计分析表明，超过50%的受访者在贫困或不严重的健康状况，而这些农民所占比例最大，患有焦虑症或抑郁症，这是最严重的五个维度。第二，综合性的回归分析表明，失地农民的社会保障政策的满意度，改善他们的生活条件，特别是在他们的能力，自我照顾，在他们的日常生活活动能力，并减少疼痛，焦虑，抑郁。第三，结构方程模型分析表明，失地农民的社会保障政策的满意度会影响他们的生活质量。EQ-5D五个维度中，日常活动对失地农民的生活质量影响最大的生产。关于社会保障政策，土地征收补偿政策和就业保障政策对失地农民的生活质量产生最大的和最薄弱的影响。
Conclusions: The rapid urbanization in China has deprived many farmers of their lands and of the benefits of urbanization. These farmers are often in a disadvantaged position in the land acquisition process. Statistic analysis in this paper shows that the satisfaction of landless farmers with their social security policies positively influences their HRQOL. The implementation and improvement of social security policies is very important for the long-term and sustainable development of these landless farmers.
结论：在中国快速的城市化进程已经剥夺了他们的土地的许多农民和城市化的好处。这些农民往往在征地过程中的弱势地位。在本文的统计分析表明，失地农民的社会保障政策的满意度会影响他们的生活质量。实施与社会保障政策的改进是非常重要的，这些失地农民的长远和可持续发展。
Keywords: Chinese landless farmers, Social security policy, HRQOL EQ-5D, SEM, Omnibus regression
关键词：中国的失地农民，社会保障政策，HRQOL EQ-5D，SEM，综合性的回归
Introduction
前言
Chinese economic reform has accelerated the urbanization of the country at an unprecedented pace. The Chinese urban population ratio exceeded 50% for the first time in 2011. During the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, terms such as “urbanization” and“urban and rural development” have been mentioned numerous times. The development process of urbanization in China has been closely observed. In the third Conference of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013, policy guidelines were proposed to improve the integration systems and mechanisms of urban and rural development and encourage farmers to participate in the modernization process and share the achievements of modern equality. The means of solving the difficulties encountered in urban development has become a primary social concern. Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of the economic development process, and a large proportion of the agricultural population has transferred to the non-agricultural sector and achieved urbanization. Modernizing in those developed countries is the universal law. More than 30 years after the policy of Reform and Opening-Up, the system arrangement of urbanization in China lifted the restriction on farmers and allowed their entry into the city. The system likewise encouraged and guided farmers to move to the city and rural development and encourage farmers to participate in the modernization process and share the achievements of modern equality. The means of solving the difficulties encountered in urban development has become a primary social concern. Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of the economic development process, and a large proportion of the agricultural population has transferred to the non-agricultural sector and achieved urbanization. Modernizing in those developed countries is the universal law. More than 30 years after the policy of Reform and Opening-Up, the system arrangement of urbanization in China lifted the restriction on farmers and allowed their entry into the city. this process has an important role in creating job opportunities, improving the industrial structure, and promoting economic growth.
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