天津城市绿地景观格局分析外文翻译资料

Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in

Tianjin City

Abstract Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008， and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS， the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape．The result showed that there were many min- sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space． Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure． It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space， reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation，strengthening the construction of large and mid- sized green patches，so as to improve ecological function of green space．

Key words Urban green space，Landscape pattern，Tianjin City

Urban green space，as an important component of urban ecological system， is a natural element of urban landscape and ecological foundation of sustainable development of social economy，plays a vital role in the structure， function and trans-formation of urban landscape［1 ］ ． Landscape pattern of green space refers to the types，quantity，and spatial distribution and collocation of landscape units of green space． The quantitative description of landscape pattern of urban green space is the ba-sis to analyze landscape structure and function，the significant reference to analyze all kinds of ecological processes， and also the crucial basis and necessary premise of landscape ecological planning［2 －3 ］ ．

In recent years，studies on landscape pattern of urban green space had developed rapidly． Domestic scholars had conducted analysis and evaluation on different urban green paces by applying landscape pattern index［4 －14 ］ ． And data adopted in studies on urban green space were mostly from TM and SPOT and color infrared aerial photos，which were low in resolution ratio，difficult to meet the requirement of accuracy of urban green space information collection． With the rapid development of remote sensing technology， meter scale satellite with high resolution ratio represented by commercial satellite IKO-NOS and Quick Bird had emerged． In recent years，these re-mote sensing images of high resolution ratio had begun to be

used in studies on landscape pattern of urban green space［3， 15， 16 ］ ．

With IKONOS remote sensing image of high resolution as the main data source，the study had collected green space in-formation of Tianjin City with the support of RS and GIS，and had made quantitative analysis and evaluation of landscape pat-tern of Tianjin green space from the aspects of patches，types and landscape of green space by applying landscape ecological theory，so as to provide scientific basis and theoretical support for planning and construction of Tianjin urban green space．

1 Study area and study methods

1．1 General situation of the study area and data source Tianjin City was seated at the northeast of North China Plain．Its geological location was 116° 43 － 118°04 E，38°34 －40°15 N，belonging to semi- humid continental monsoon climate of warm temperate zone． The area within the outer loop covered about 500 km 2 ，This area was the core planning area of Tianjin City． The study area was built- up area within the outer loop of Tianjin City． In order to build green Tianjin and livable ecological city，Forestry Bureau of Tianjin City had planned to greatly increase greening area and introduce forest into the city from 2009 to 2012． Forestation and greening would be conducted at roads，rivers，villages，towns and coastal areas． Therefore，study on spatial pattern of green land was of vital significance to construction of urban green space in Tianjin City．

The study data derived from IKONOS remote sensing image of Tianjin City taken in August of 2008， whose spatial resolution ratio was 1 m，suitable for collection of urban green space information．

1．2 Study method The classification of Tianjin urban green space was based on Urban Green Space Classification Standard (CJJ/T85 － 2002) (industrial standard of PRC，2002)．And with the function and application of green space as the reference，Tianjin urban green spaces could be divided into six types which were park green land，residential green land，road green land，attaching green land of units，production green land and protective green land． The content and scope of all types of green lands could be found in the 17 th reference document． On the basis of identifying Tianjin urban green land types，with IKONOS remote sensing image taken in August of 2008 as the data source，in accordance with the features of all types of green lands reflected by remote sensing image which contained color，hue，vegetation feature，shape，location and size，visual interpreting would be conducted under the support of ERDAS and ArcGIS9． 2 and each type of green land within outer loop of Tianjin City was recognized． And indefinite types would be located by GPS and then be rectified through field investigation，so as to obtain vector diagram of urban green spaces within the outer loop of Tianjin City，which would be transformed into grid data graph of 1 m times;1 m． The projection method was Gauss projection．

Landscape pattern quantity study adopted landscape index analysis method． Landscape pattern index as the analysis method of landscape space could highly concentrate landscape pattern information，and reflect its component structure and spatial collocation． It was a kind of quantitative research method widely used in landscape ecological circle［18 ］ ． With the support of Fragstats3． 3 software，landscape pattern index would be calculated based on type and landscape by adopting following indexes of relevant pattern features，so as to reveal the spatial characteristics of Tianjin urban green space． In terms of landscape

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天津城市绿地景观格局分析

摘要： 根据2008年8月IKONOS 卫星影像数据，利用GIS 技术和景观格局分析软件 FRAGSTATS，分别从斑块组成、类型水平与景观水平分析了天津城市绿地景观格局。结果表明，天津斑块数目主要以小型斑块为主，面积上以大型斑块为主，绿地斑块分布不均衡，结构不合理，建议调整城市绿地空间结构，降低景观破碎度，加强大中型绿地斑块的建设，提高绿地生态功能。

关键词： 城市绿地；景观格局；天津市

Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Tianjin City SUNY anling et al ( College of City and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University，Tianjin 300387)Abstract Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008,and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS, the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape .The result showed that there were many min sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space. Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure．It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space, reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation, strengthening the construction of large and midsized green patches. so as to improve ecological function of green space．

Key words : Urban green space; Landscape pattern; Tianjin City

城市绿地景观作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分，是城市景观的自然要素和社会经济可持续发展的生态基础，在城市景观的结构、功能及变化中起着重要作用^［1］。绿地景观格局是指绿地景观单元的类型、数量以及空间分布与配置。对城市绿地景观格局的定量描述是分析景观结构、功能的基础，也是分析各种生态过程的重要依据，同时,，更是景观生态规划的重要依据和必要前提^［2-3］。

近年来，有关城市绿地景观格局方面的研究得到了快速发展，出现了国内学者应用景观格局指数对不同的城市绿地景观进行了分析评价^［4-14］ 。其中，研究城市绿地采用的数据源大都为TM 和SPOT 以及彩红外航空像片等卫星影像，分辨率较低，难以满足城市绿地信息提取精度的要求。随着遥感技术的快速发展，出现了以商业卫星 IKONOS 和 Quick Bird为代表的高分辨率米级卫星，近几年，这些高分辨率的遥感影像数据已开始用于城市绿地景观格局研究^{［3，15－16］}。

研究以 IKONOS 高分辨率遥感影像为主要数据源，在RS和 GIS技术支持下提取天津市绿地信息，应用景观生态学原理从绿地斑块、绿地类型和绿地景观 3个方面对天津市区的绿地景观格局进行了定量分析与评价，以期为天津城市绿地规划建设提供科学依据和理论支撑。

1 研究地区与研究方法

1.1 研究区概况与数据来源

天津地处华北平原东北部，地理位置为116°43 ～118°04 E， 38°34 ～40°15 N，属于暖温带半湿润大陆季风型气候。天津市外环线以内的面积约为500 km ²行政上包括和平区、南开区、河西区、红桥区、河东区、河北区以及东丽、北辰、津南和西青的部分地区。该区域是天津市规划的核心区域。该研究的范围即为天津市外环线以内的建成区。为打造绿色天津，建设宜居生态城市，天津市林业局规划在2009～2012 4年内，大幅提高绿化面积，把森林引入城市。在道路、河流、村镇、城镇、沿海地区等实施造林绿化。因此，研究绿地空间格局对天津城市绿化建设具有非常重要的意义。

研究数据来源于2008年8月份天津市IKONOS 遥感卫星影像，空间分辨率1 m，适用于城市绿地信息的提取。

1.2 研究方法

天津城市绿地分类主要是按照国家 《城市绿地分类标准》 ( CJJ/T85- 2002) ( 中华人民共和国行业标准，2002) ，以绿地的功能和用途作为分类依据，将天津城市绿地分为公园绿地、居住绿地、道路绿地、单位附属绿地、生产绿地、 防护绿地6种类型，各种类型绿地内容和范围详见参考文献^［17］。在确定天津城市绿地类型的基础上，以2008年8月IKONOS 遥感影像为数据源，根据各种类型绿地在遥感影像上的表现特征，包括色彩、色调、植被特征、形状、位置和大小等.在ERDAS和ArcGIS9．2 的支持下进行目视解译，识别出天津市外环内各种绿地类型，并对不确定的类型用GPS测定位置，进行野外勘察对其进行校正，进而得到天津市外环线以内城市绿地类型矢量图并将其转化成 1 mtimes;1 m的栅格数据图，其投影方式为高斯投影。

景观格局数量研究主要采用景观指数分析方法。景观格局指数作为景观空间分析方法，能够高度浓缩景观格局信息，并且反应其组成结构和空间配置等方面的特征，是景观生态学界广泛使用的一种定量研究方法^［18］。在Fragstats3.3软件支持下，采用如下相关格局特征指数分别从类型水平和景观水平上计算景观格局指数，用于揭示天津城市绿地景观空间特征。在类型水平上的景观格局分析， 选择斑块类型百分比( PLAND)、斑块密度( PD)、景观形状指数( LSI)、平均分维数( FRACMN)和聚集度指数( AI)5个指标。在景观水平上选用斑块密度( PD)、蔓延度指数( CONTAG)、平均分维数( FRACMN)、Shannon 多样性指数( SHDI)、Shannon均匀度指数( SHEI)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 斑块组成

城市绿地景观主要由各种类型的绿地斑块组成，研究在利用景观格局指数分析研究区绿地结构的同时，按照斑块的大小将其分为4个等级，从而可以更加清楚地认识研究区绿地景观的斑块组成特征。根据天津城市绿地的特点，参考以往相关的研究成果^［5］，以斑块面积大小为依据，将0.05 hm 2以下的斑块视为小斑块，0.05～0.30 hm ² 的为中型斑块，0.30 ～1.00 hm ² 的为大中型斑块，1. 00 hm² 以上的为大型斑块。

表1 天津城市绿地斑块数目与面积分布

由表1可知，天津市外环线以内绿地面积为8554.508hm ²。其中，中小型斑块在斑块数目上占绝对优势，小型斑块所占比例最大为80.26%。二者主要分布在道路和居住区内，与居民的日常生活有着密切关系。斑块面积所占比例最大的为大型斑块，比例为 50.76%。大型斑块和大中型斑块主要分布于公园绿地、生产防护绿地和单位附属绿地之中。

从绿地斑块分布区域上看，天津市内 6 区中， 和平区的大型斑块个数最少， 中型斑块最多，其他5个区都是大斑块个数最少，小斑块个数最多。其中，市内 6 区的大型斑块总个数占天津外环线以内绿地大型斑块个数的52.80%，大中型斑块个数占研究区大中型斑块数的62.34%，中型斑块个数占85.74%，小斑块个数占68.14%。

2.2 类型水平景观格局

2.2.1 斑块面积

从表2可以看出，天津市外环内的绿地景观分为6类。其中，单位附属绿地的斑块类型面积百分比最大，占绝对优势，说明工厂、机关等单位绿化效果较好。公园绿地所占比例也较高，主要由于水上公园、儿童乐园、北宁公园等综合性公园以及街旁绿地占地面积较大，这对改善天津城市环境、提高居民生活质量及塑造城市形象具有重要作用。另外，天津居住绿地所占比例为18.84%，说明天津居住区绿化程度较好。

表2 类型水平上的景观指数

2.2.2 斑块密度

某一类型在景观上的斑块密度可揭示景观基质被类型斑块分割的程度，对生物保护、物质和能量分布具有重要影响。而各个景观组分的斑块密度更直接地反映了斑块景观组分的破碎化程度。斑块密度指数与平均斑块面积互为倒数。斑块密度越大，则平均斑块面积越小，破碎化程度越高，异质性增

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