Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 165–176
abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction stage will be more relatively significant over time.Different construction methods influence GHG emissions in the construction phase. This study investigates the differences of GHG emissions between prefabrication and conventional construction methods.This study sets a calculation boundary and five emission sources for the semi-prefabricated construction process: embodied emissions of building materials, transportation of building materials, transportation of construction waste and soil, transportation of prefabricated components, operation of equipment,and construction techniques. A quantitative model is then established using a process-based method. A semi-prefabrication project and a conventional construction project in China are employed for preliminary examination of the differences in GHG emissions. Results show that the semi-prefabrication method produces less GHG emissions per square meter compared with the conventional construction, with the former producing 336 kg/m2and the latter generating 368 kg/m2. The largest proportion of total GHG emissions comes from the embodied emissions of building materials, accounting for approximately 85%.Four elements that positively contribute to reduced emissions are the embodied GHG emissions of building materials, transportation of building materials, resource consumption of equipment and techniques,and transportation of waste and soil, accounting for 86.5%, 18.3%, 10.3%, and 0.2%, respectively, of reduced emissions; one a negative effect on reduced emissions is the transportation of prefabricated components,which offsets 15.3% of the total emissions reduction. Thus, adopting prefabricated construction methods contribute to significant environmental benefits on GHG emissions in this initial study.copy; 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) indicated that the building and construction sector is one of the seven dominant sectors that greatly contribute toward global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .The building sector consumes approximately 40% of total energy used, thus contributing up to 30% of total GHG emissions annually. The United Nations Environment Program me (UNEP) declared that with the rapid increase in urbanization and the inefficiencies of existing building stock, GHG emissions will more than double in the next 20 years unless actions mitigating the emissions are taken . Therefore, GHG emissions reduction in the building sector is a focus of research.Most relevant studies in this domain evaluated GHG emissions during the entire life cycle of buildings or several individual phases of a life cycle. Approximately 80% of energy use and GHG emissions are generated during the operation stage of buildings (such as heating and cooling, ventilation, lighting, and appliances), whereas only 10–20% are from material manufacturing, construction, and demolition . Numerous studies primarily concentrated on developing advanced technologies, policies, and measures to cut down GHG emissions in the operation stage rather than in the construction stage. Guggemos and Horvath pointed out that the environmental impact and GHG emissions from the construction phase cannot be ignored, even if this phase only accounts for0.4–12% of the overwhelming impact from the operation stage.GHG emissions in construction is a small share of the entire life cycle at present, but the 80–90% of the life cycle of GHG emissions that occur during the operation has declined dramatically over time due to existing substantial energy saving codes or other policies and thus, the relative contribution of construction stage emissions and impacts becomes more dominant and significant. Therefore,GHG emissions or impacts in the construction stage must be analyzed.Several studies have focused on the environmental impacts and GHG emissions in the construction phase . The literature has two common characteristics: (1) they are associated with conventional cast in situ construction methods, and (2) they concentrate on the scenario selection of building materials or structural systems to reduce GHG emissions. For example, Cole examined the energy and GHG emissions associated with three alternatives, namely, wood, steel, and concrete structural systems,in the construction process to determine if significant differences occur between the structural material alternatives. Gonzalezand Navaorro indicated that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can be reduced by as much as 30% in the construction phase through a careful selection of materials with low environmentalimpact. Guggemos and Horvath emphasized the importance of the construction phase and designed a Construction Environment Decision-Support Tool. The tool helps decision-makers and designers optimize design, selection of materials, and construction scenarios according to estimated energy use, emissions, and waste generation rates in the construction phase. Yan et al. established a quantitative model for GHG emissions in building construction. Their results indicated that the embodied emissions of materials is the main source of GHG, so adopting recycled mate-rials can decrease GHG emissions in the construction phase.
Research on the aspect of reducing GHG emissions by alternative construction methods, such as off-site prefabrication instead of conventional methods, are limited. Although Lu et al. conducted a comparative study on embodied energy use and GHG emissions in the life cycle among prefabricated steel, wood, and conventional concrete construction systems, the result of this study virtually suggested to reduce environmental impact via proper selection of materials in structural systems, rather than actual changes in construction methods or processes. Meanwhile,although several other studies co
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Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 165–176
能源及建筑物66（2013）165 - 176
Abstract 摘要
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction stage will be more relatively significant over time.在施工阶段的温室气体（GHG）排放量将随着时间的推移更为显著。Different construction methods influence GHG emissions in the construction phase.不同施工方法对施工阶段温室气体排放有不同的影响。
This study investigates the differences of GHG emissions between prefabrication and conventional construction methods.本研究探讨预制和常规施工方法之间温室气体排放量的差异。This study sets a calculation boundary and five emission sources for the semi-prefabricated construction process: embodied emissions of building materials, transportation of building materials, transportation of construction waste and soil, transportation of prefabricated components, operation of equipment,and construction techniques.本研究设置一个计算的边界和五种半预制施工工艺的排放源： 建筑材料、建筑材料运输、建筑废料和土壤运输、预制构件运输、设备操作和施工技术。A quantitative model is then established using a process-based method.A semi-prefabrication project and a conventional construction project in China are employed for preliminary examination of the differences in GHG emissions.使用过程为基础的方法，然后建立一个定量模型。初步检查半预制项目与中国传统的建筑工程采用的温室气体排放量的差异。Results show that the semi-prefabrication method produces less GHG emissions per square meter compared with the conventional construction, with the former producing 336 kg/m2and the latter generating 368 kg/m2.结果表明，与传统建筑相比，半预制方法产生更少的温室气体排放量，前者产生368公斤/平方米，后者产生336公斤/平方米。The largest proportion of total GHG emissions comes from the embodied emissions of building materials, accounting for approximately 85%.占温室气体排放量最大的比例来自建筑材料的具体排放量，约占85%。Four elements that positively contribute to reduced emissions are the embodied GHG emissions of building materials, transportation of building materials, resource consumption of equipment and techniques,and transportation of waste and soil, accounting for 86.5%, 18.3%, 10.3%, and 0.2%, respectively, of reduced emissions;one a negative effect on reduced emissions is the transportation of prefabricated components,which offsets 15.3% of the total emissions reduction.有助于减少温室气体排放的四个要素，建筑材料的温室气体排放、建筑材料的运输、设备和技术的资源消耗以及废弃物和土壤的运输，分别占86.5%、18.3%、10.3%、0.2%。 一一减少排放的负面影响是运输的预制构件，抵消了总排放量减少的15.3%。Thus, adopting prefabricated construction methods contribute to significant environmental benefits on GHG emissions in this initial study.因此，在此初步研究中，采用预制施工方法在温室气体排放方面有重大的环境效益。
copy; 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reservedcopy;2013 Elsevier公司保留所有权利
1.Introduction 介绍
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated that the building and construction sector is one of the seven dominant sectors that greatly contribute toward global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的第四份评估报告显示，建筑和建造业是全球温室气体（GHG）排放量贡献最大的七大主导部门之一。The building sector consumes approximately 40% of total energy used, thus contributing up to 30% of total GHG emissions annually.建筑业消耗约40%的总能源使用，从而贡献了高达温室气体排放总量30%每年。The United Nations Environment Programmer (UNEP) declared that with the rapid increase in urbanization and the inefficiencies of existing building stock, GHG emissions will more than double in the next 20 years unless actions mitigating the emissions are taken.联合国环境规划署（联合国环境规划署）宣布，随着城市化的快速增长和现有建筑存量的低效率，温室气体排放量将在未来20年内增加一倍以上，除非采取减少排放的措施。Therefore, GHG emissions reduction in the building sector is afocus of research.因此，在建筑行业的温室气体减排是研究的焦点。
Most relevant studies in this domain evaluated GHG emissions during the entire life cycle of buildings or several individual phases of a life cycle. 在这一领域最相关的研究是评估建筑物的整个生命周期或几个生命周期的各个阶段温室气体排放量。Approximately 80% of energy use and GHG emissions are generated during the operation stage of buildings (such as heating and cooling, ventilation, lighting, and appliances), whereas only 10–20% are from material manufacturing, construction, and demolition.大约80%的能源使用和温室气体排放量在建筑物的运行阶段（如加热和冷却，通风，照明和电器）产生，而只有10 - 20%是从材料制造，建筑，拆除产生。Numerous studies primarily concentrated on developing advanced technologies, policies, and measures to cut down GHG emissions in the operation stage rather than in the construction stage. 许多研究主要集中在发展先进的技术，政策和措施，以减少运作阶段温室气体的排放，而不是在建设阶段。Guggemos and Horvath pointed out that the environmental impact and GHG emissions from the construction phase cannot be ignored, even if this phase only accounts for 0.4–12% of the over whelming impact from the operation stage.Guggemos和Horvath指出建设阶段的环境影响和温室气体排放不容忽视，即使这个阶段只占操作阶段的0.4–12%。GHG emissions in construction is a small share of the entire life cycle at present, but the 80–90% of the life cycle of GHG emissions that occur during the operation has declined dramatically over time due to existing substantial energy saving codes or other policies, and thus, the relative contribution of construction stage emissions and impacts becomes more dominant and significant. 目前在建筑过程中温室气体的排放是整个生命周期的一小部分，但是，在运行过程中生命周期的80 - 90%的温室气体排放随着时间的推移急剧下降，由于现有的大量节能守则或其他政策，因此，建设阶段的排放量和影响的相对贡献变得更加显性和显著。Therefore,GHG emissions or impacts in the construction stage must be analyzed.因此，必须分析温室气体在建设阶段的排放量或影响。
Several studies have focused on the environmental impacts and GHG emissions in the construction phase. 几项研究都集中在对环境的影响和施工阶段温室气体的排放。The literature has two common characteristics:they are associated with conventional cast in situ construction methods, and they concentrate on the scenario selection of building materials or structural systems to reduce GHG emissions. 文献中有两个共同的特点：他们都是与传统的现浇施工方法有关，他们都集中在建筑材料、建筑结构体系方案的选择来减少温室气体的排放。For example, Cole examined the energy and GHG emissions associated with three alternatives, namely, wood, steel, and concrete structural systems,in the construction process to determine if significant differences occur between the structural material alternatives. 例如,科尔用三个备选方案调查能源和温室气体排放的联系,即木、钢和混凝土结构系统,以确定在施工过程不同材料的选择是否发生显著的差异。Gonzalez and Navaorro indicated that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can be reduced by as much as 30% in the construction phase through a c
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