文物保护与再生 ——以马来西亚历史地区为例外文翻译资料

 2023-01-06 11:17:19

文物保护与再生

——以马来西亚历史地区为例

Shahrul Yani Said, Hasnizan Aksah, Elma DeWayne Ismail

摘要:

包括马来西亚在内的发展中国家,在经济发展和人口快速增长的同时,也面临着城市化的大问题。在马来西亚的许多历史性城市边缘的新城镇的引入,使他们暴露出商业化在设计和文化上的一致性,而这些都已逐抹杀了他们的身份。因此,城市再生的举措应该引入恢复的历史的内涵,通过名城名校过去的财富和人口的生活方式,仍然是唯一显着的原始社会作为一种文化遗产的活力。

关键字:城市建筑保护;城市遗产再生;场所特征;城市环境

  1. 简介

在发展中国家,保护与发展之间的平衡一般是很难保持的(惠誉,1982:402在;香港

杨,1994)。虽然在西方世界的历史城镇和城市的保护被认为是一种常见的情况,但许多非西方国家仍在争论是否发展或拆除。在南洋,特别是在新加坡和马来西亚,“保护与发展的冲突”或“保护困境的进一步复杂化”,通过文化的多元性,在城市里都有自己独特的遗产索赔(香港,杨,1994)。重要的是保护作为一个过程,包括修复,恢复,维护,自适应重用和重建。然而,马来西亚的历史建筑中的大部分工作,在被英国的定义之后,被视为恢复,因为有很多重建的建筑材料和现代的建筑补充,而不是最小的维修来延长寿命。历史性保护在马来西亚的城市复兴的主要缺点在于:利益相关者认为,保护作为一个整体的方法的失败,它只是基于单个建筑的修复和维护。保护集中在建筑保护,如:上市建筑,却不保护城市遗产和历史城市地方感的传统技艺(我,2005;Shamsuddin和苏莱曼,2002)。

从马来西亚的角度出发,对历史城市发展计划,围绕着引入新的现代发展历史方面的思路,各地区历史建筑翻新的振兴,这是通常被称为城市的改进方案的工具。由于包括马来西亚在内的发展中国家的传统城市面临着由于人口增长迅速、经济发展和城市化的加剧而面临的城市化问题。所以政府将新城镇的发展视为一种解决办法,以解决城市中心的人口压力,并满足日益增长的人口。然而,在历史悠久的城市边缘的新城镇是无菌的,反映了贫穷的城市设计导则和由此改编的未能创造历史的城市肌理和谐。

城市设计方案在马来西亚历史文化名城涉及再生或重建,把旧城镇新拆除、旧建筑更换新的建筑物,有时以添加一个新的,在历史中心中间的混合使用的摩天大楼,来展示该地区的再生(见图1)。

在这一研究背景下,再生是指:给生活的地区,把社会、物理和经济活动融合起来;而重建是指在一个已经存在的城市使用任何新的建筑,对城市进行填充和适应性再利用的形式。这是马来西亚最常见的再生方案。然而,城市重建和城市复兴的形式,是为了使该地区的遗产建筑和文化感再生。

图1在光大建筑(最高的)和一个现代化的购物中心在照片对面的一排商店的右边位于乔治镇历史悠久的房屋

2、研究目的

这项研究是试图找到一个问题的答案:文物保护是否需要再生(给予生命),从历史领域,从一个社会的政治和经济领域来研究马来西亚历史性城市发展方案的几个方面。

3、研究目标

本研究的目标是:

论城市遗产保护与再生的哲学意义

研究马来西亚城市遗产再生的现有指导方针和实施方案

4、问题陈述

作为新的发展概念,保护历史建筑的理念多年来在保护的形式、保护的适应性、重用或恢复上没有给予相同的重视。这个理念在马来西亚的发展开始于20世纪70年代,马来西亚的计划是推广介绍。城市发展局(UDA控股有限公司)成立以后,管理重建新的城市,公共住房,娱乐场所,酒店,商业中心和工业处所(UDA控股有限公司,2008)等。通过政府举措开始鼓励民间投资。所以,近年来,新的领域和住房计划的发展迅速增长。

长久以来,马来西亚历史性保护的可悲状况一直被忽视,直到联邦政府最近才意识到历史建筑的重要性,这是国家发展和生活发展的证明,具有保护许多马来西亚历史文化可持续发展的意义。然而,不受控制的发展已经导致了新的建筑物和外墙夹在旧楼(万伊斯梅尔,2012)的房屋之间。其次,是2005年的《国家遗产法》使得更多的投资进入到“第九马来西亚计划”的社会遗产中,证实了联邦政府对马来西亚遗产的可持续性的保护。比如:同意菲尔登(2003)和orbasli(2008),这些活的遗产告诉我们先祖们的生存故事,国家的发展,已经形成了民族认同的人的生活方式,这是国家遗产其自身的独特意义。没有对于历史建筑的适当监督和维护,国家最终会失去它的历史风貌,无法塑造一个城市的独特性。

根据艾哈迈德的言论(1998),保护城市的概念被引入,在上世纪80年代的马来西亚和吉隆坡等,包括乔治敦的几个城市,以及马六甲和哥达巴鲁都已经开始采用这个理念。它是对城市遗产的保护都努力的积极的态度,因为遗产保护不仅关系国家的发展,同时也关系到后代的发展,让他们为本民族的遗产感到自豪,这很重要(艾哈迈德,1998:P62)。因此,一个良好的城市保护计划的生成是重要的,以此振兴城市,同时保持所有这些记忆的完整。

5、文献综述

目前,在马来西亚重建与历史城市和城市再生的方法包括新建加密开发在历史古迹的介绍,意图给历史遗产一个“新面貌”和促进地方的身份和地位。历史街区内的旧建筑大部分将原封不动,在过去被遗弃或受拆迁让路的结果上的进一步发展。新的建筑形式的旗舰发展往往是介绍该地区的,而不是历史性地设置,以及重建和再生计划在保护,振兴和美化中的方法。

从一个更广阔的视野中来了解保护,对于利益相关者来说是至关重要的,即建筑法的连续性之间的关系和新老关系的和谐(我,2005)。没有这种理解,许多再生项目都未能包括建筑保护,把其作为该计划的一部分,并通常导致拆除旧建筑物和更换新的建设。新的发展创造了一个新身份的城市,却不幸地失去重要的物理结构,古老的历史城市社会和文化的本质。

5.1城市保护

在马来西亚,城市保护被分为三大类,即建筑保护,区域保护和文化保护(穆罕默德等,2001)。地方政府、联邦政府、国家政府、博物馆和文物局、文物信托及其他专业机构共同实施城市保育的方针和政策。这是快速的势头,并认为是重要的城市规划和发展的国家。然而,由于人口增长迅速,经济发展和城市化发展(穆罕默德等,2001),马来西亚的传统城市面临着城市化的问题。

这些威胁是不敏感的重建计划的结果,穆罕默德等人进行了对于2005年的《国家遗产法案》类似的研究。(2001:p7-p9)研究了重大的历史性城市如马来西亚乔治镇,哥达巴鲁,马六甲,太平和怡保等已确定的马来西亚的遗产城市所面临的挑战:

1)设计新的乡镇发展

2)城市内部人口减少

3)密集和不受控制的发展压力

4)立法和执法不足

5)改变城市居民的生活方式和消费模式

6)对新游客的期待

7)公众意识

8)环境退化

马来西亚老城区中心的一项研究于1992开始,揭示了一些令人担忧的趋势,威胁着历史城市的生存(2002 Shamsuddin和苏莱曼)。威胁被分为五组,这是:

1)消失的景观

2)改变活动模式

3)视觉单调和陈旧的

4)高档化

当历史核心的独特模式逐渐被入侵的办公大楼和大型购物区的大型购物中心区改变了原有的天际线,槟城的城市格局逐渐瓦解了。大型、现代化的发展,如酒店和服务公寓等,如果出现了一个更合适的发展政策,就可以在其他地方的重建计划中被提及。

允许大型商业发展有危险,如果在戏剧性的核心设计不敏感,可能作为“癌”传播(Shamsuddin和苏莱曼2002:P8),并最终破坏历史环境的整体结构。这样的发展只会吸引不敏感的投机发展,并使土地价值膨胀。这将使历史性和传统的建筑不再在经济上可行,而且政府由于缺乏财务能力,往往导致了失职。

5.2发展的影响

一个不成功的再生方法也有可能导致对传统街巷格局和坚持人的尺度的独特风貌特质的消失。现代商业发展强调大尺度和高度。不幸的是,现代的商店和超市是均匀的和单调的(图3A)与传统的华丽和迷人的旧店屋相比(图3b)。缺乏个性支配的地方,掩盖了传统建筑的丰富资产,从而消除了地方的身份感。虽然,新的建筑设计可以改善传统店屋的特点,同时大规模发展导致的交通,减少不适应现代交通的传统街道。新的政策有关道路拓宽和建设改良,以适应新的政府干预措施。不幸的是,这已经改变了历史的城市风貌。许多在诸如贸易和霍金出现在街道上,在大楼前的人行道举行历史城市的活动,在全市营造场所感。轻率的再生方案涉及市场搬迁和这些传统的摊位集中到新建筑或地区。然而,当这个意义上的地方不再存在,对活动模式的变化往往导致历史核心的死亡。

图3(一)与传统华丽的旧店屋(右)相比,是一种同质且单调的现代购物屋;

此外,交通运输技术的进步已经分散了许多城市功能,并鼓励城市扩张(穆罕默德等人,2001)。例如,在乔治镇,历史悠久的城市中的年轻群体迁移出去寻找更好的就业机会,拥有一个更好的生活方式。财产价值的上升也吸引了人们离开这个地区,因为他们再也无法承受更高的市场价格。

6、方法论

为了澄清目前的历史保护和规划系统与马来西亚之间的关系,进行了文献回顾,包括分析文本的历史,哲学,理论,原则,概念和法规的有关于综合城市保护和再生的内容。看了如何实施和解释到该地区的政策。本次审查还建立了马来西亚政府相关立法的时间线,以便了解其在整个国家发展过程中的价值。在马来西亚的地方当局和政府机构进行了采访,收集这样的数据,查阅了部分来自国家档案馆的文献。

外文文献出处:Asia Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies University of Westminster, London, UK, 4-6 September 2013 'From Research to Practice'

附外文文献原文:

Heritage Conservation and Regeneration of

Historic Areas in Malaysia

Shahrul Yani Said, Hasnizan Aksah, Elma DeWayne Ismail

Abstract:

Heritage cities in the developing nations, including Malaysia, currently face intensified urban problems as a result of rapid population growth, economic development and population growth.

The introduction of new townships at the edge of many historic cities in Malaysia has exposed them to severe pressure of commercialization, poor design and cultural uniformity that has faded away their place identity. Thus, regeneration initiatives should be introduced to restore the wealth of the prestigious past of the historic cities and to improve the lifestyle of its population, as the vibrancy of a heritage site is only significant when its original community remains.

Keywords: Urban conservation; regeneration; character of place; urban environment

1、Introduction

The balance between conservation and redevelopment in developing countries, in general is particularly difficult to maintain (Fitch, 1982:402 in;Kong and Yeoh, 1994). While the conservation of historic towns and cities in the Western world is considered a common situation, many non-Western

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Heritage Conservation and Regeneration of

Historic Areas in Malaysia

Shahrul Yani Said, Hasnizan Aksah, Elma DeWayne Ismail

Abstract:

Heritage cities in the developing nations, including Malaysia, currently face intensified urban problems as a result of rapid population growth, economic development and population growth.

The introduction of new townships at the edge of many historic cities in Malaysia has exposed them to severe pressure of commercialization, poor design and cultural uniformity that has faded away their place identity. Thus, regeneration initiatives should be introduced to restore the wealth of the prestigious past of the historic cities and to improve the lifestyle of its population, as the vibrancy of a heritage site is only significant when its original community remains.

Keywords: Urban conservation; regeneration; character of place; urban environment

1、Introduction

The balance between conservation and redevelopment in developing countries, in general is particularly difficult to maintain (Fitch, 1982:402 in;Kong and Yeoh, 1994). While the conservation of historic towns and cities in the Western world is considered a common situation, many non-Western countries are still in debate over whether to develop or demolish. In Southeast Asia, particularly in Singapore and Malaysia, the lsquo;conservation-development conflict rsquo;or lsquo;conservation dilemmarsquo; is further complicated by the plurality of cultures within the cities, all with their own claim to a unique heritage(Kong and Yeoh,1994). It is important to state that conservation as a process consists of repair, restoration, preservation, maintenance, adaptive reuse and reconstruction. However, most of the work to historic buildings in Malaysia would, by the definition followed in the UK, be considered as restoration, since there is much renewal of building material and modern additions rather than minimal repairs to prolong life. Nevertheless, it is always referred to as lsquo;conversationrsquo; in Malaysian documents. The main drawback of historic conservation in relation to urban regeneration in Malaysia is the failure of stakeholders to think of conservation as a holistic approach. Conservation is merely based on the restoration and maintenance of individual buildings. The traditional approach of conservation that concentrates on building preservation such as listed buildings will not safeguard the urban heritage and secure the sense of place of the historic cities (Idid, 2005; Shamsuddin and Sulaiman, 2002).

From the perspective of Malaysia, development schemes for historic cities revolves around the idea of introducing new modern development to historic areas, revitalization of the areas and refurbishment of historic buildings, which are often referred to as the tools for the improvement schemes of the cities. Heritage cities in developing nations including Malaysia currently face intensified urban problems as a result of rapid population growth, economic development and urbanization. The government perceives the development of new townships as a solution to disperse population pressure from city centers and to cater for the growing population. However, new townships at the edge of historic cities were sterile, reflected the adaptation of poor urban design guidelines and hence, failed to create harmony with thehistoric urban fabric.

Urban design schemes for historic cities in Malaysia involve regeneration or redevelopment, by turning old towns into new by demolishing the old buildings and replacing them with new buildings, and sometimes by adding a new, mixed-use skyscraper on a plot in the middle of the historic center, to demonstrate the regeneration of the area (see Figure 1).

In the context of this study, regeneration refers to: giving back life to the area, by bringing back social, physical and economics activities, while redevelopment refers to any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses, in the form of urban infill and adaptive reuse. This is the most common approach to regeneration schemes in Malaysia. Urban redevelopment in the form of urban renewal and urban revitalization, however, are carried out in order to regenerate the area.

Fig. 1. The KOMTAR building (the tallest) and a modern shopping complex on the right side of the photo opposite a row of shop houses in the historic area of George Town

2、Aim of study

This research is an attempt to find an answer to the question of whether heritage conservation is what is needed to regenerate (bring to life), the historic areas, by a study of the social, political and economic aspects of development schemes that have been carried out in historic cities in Malaysia.

3、Objectives of study

The objectives of this study are:

To discuss the philosophy and meaning of conservation and regeneration

To study existing guidelines and implemented schemes of regeneration in Malaysia

4、Problem statement

For many years, the idea of protecting historic buildings in the form of conservation, preservation, adaptive reuse or restoration was not given the same importance as new development (Said, 2007). The movement towards development in Malaysia started in the 1970s when the Second Malaysian Plan was introduced. The Urban Development Authority (Uda Holdings Berhad) was formed to manage the redevelopment of new cities, public housing, recreation, hotels, commercial centers and industrial premises (Uda Holdings Berhad, 2008). Starting with government initiatives to encourage private funding in recent years, the development of new areas and housing schemes grew rapidly.

The sad state of historic conservation in Malaysia was long left untold and ignored until the Federal government recently reali

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