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研究影响欧洲决策者发展智能和绿色能源技术的障碍和动力
Mehmet Efe Biresselioglu , Marie Nilsen , Muhittin Hakan Demir , Jens Roslash;yrvik ,Gitte Koksvik
译者：营销 1501 龚霞 0121503921236
关键词: 智能电网；智能电表；智能能源技术；欧洲联盟；绿色能源技术；决策。
摘要： 公用事业市场的性质正在发生变化。开发智能和绿色技术对于克服未来几十年的挑战至关重要。此外，智能和绿色技术对于减少碳排放，实现可持续发展的未来目标以及确保城市及其公民的电力稳定至关重要。因此，这些能源相关技术的开发已成为整个欧洲的重要优先事项。为此，本研究探讨了几个社会行动者之间关于智能和绿色能源技术进步的相互作用的文献。该分析基于三个正式社会决策单位的识别，即正式社会单位，集体决策单位和参与联合合同的个人消费者。通过综合文献综述，确定了三个决策单元能量行为的态度维度，激励因素和障碍。确定了与每个级别相关的决策过程中的异同以及实现目标的延迟原因。此外，还介绍了智能和绿色能源技术的相关利益攸关方的政策框架。
1 介绍
As has long been expected, the nature of the utility market is changing. Accordingly, the European electricity sector will have to deal with enormous challenges in the decades to come. Developing smart grids and putting in place smart and green energy technologies are given high priority across Europe, in order to reduce carbon emissions, achieve future goals of sustainability, and assure electric stability to cities and their citizens (European Technology Platform Smart Grids, 2012; Schleicher-Tappeser, 2012; Zgajewski, 2015; Giordano et al., 2013; Hamilton and Gulhar, 2010). However, developments have been slow (Zgajewski, 2015), and there is uncertainty as to the precise definition of smart grids and smart energy technologies.
正如人们所期待的那样，公用事业市场的性质正在发生变化。 因此，欧洲电力部门将在未来几十年内应对巨大的挑战。 开发智能电网并实施智能和绿色能源技术在欧洲得到高度重视，以减少碳排放，实现可持续发展的未来目标，并确保城市及其公民的电力稳定性（欧洲技术平台智能电网，2012 ; Schleicher-Tappeser，2012; Zgajewski，2015; Giordano等，2013; Hamilton和Gulhar，2010）。 然而，发展缓慢，并且对于智能电网和智能能源技术的精确定义尚不确定（Zgajewski，2015）。
The term “Smart grid” is a complex and still evolving concept.
Consequently, even on the EU level, one operates with several different understandings of the definition and function of the smart grid. In general, however, it may be considered lsquo;an upgraded electricity network, to which two-way digital communication between supplier and consumer, intelligent metering and monitoring systems have been addedrsquo; (Zgajewski, 2015). Alternatively, in the words of the Electric Power Research Institute lsquo;The overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entityrsquo; (Camarinha-Matos, 2016).
术语“市场网格”是一个复杂且仍在不断发展的概念。因此，即使在欧盟层面，人们对智能电网的定义和功能有几种不同的理解。 然而，一般而言，它可以被认为是升级的电力网络，其中添加了供应商和消费者之间的双向数字通信，智能计量和监控系统（Zgajewski，2015）。 或者，用电力研究所的话说，他在现有的电力传输基础设施上覆盖统一的通信和控制系统，为正确的实体提供正确的信息 （Camarinha-Matos，2016）。
Despite uncertainty concerning its exact meaning, it is a widely held belief that a smart grid will lsquo;open the door to new applications with far-reaching impactsrsquo; (Kolokotsa, 2016). These include; 1) A capacity to integrate renewable energy sources, electric vehicles,and distributed generators into the network in a safe manner; 2)Deliver power more efficiently and reliably through demand response and comprehensive control and monitoring capabilities;3) Use automatic grid prefiguration to prevent and restore outages(a self-healing grid); and finally, 4) Enable consumers to have greater control over their own consumption and to participate actively in the electricity market (Giordano et al., 2013). Smart grids, Schleicher-Tappeser (2012) writes, represent time transparency, flexible management of resources, control through market mechanisms, and multiple interactions of a wide range of users throughout the system. Moreover, some see the smart grid is an essential component of the energy security of a nation (Ellaban and Abu-Rub, 2016; Colak et al., 2016; Clastres, 2011). In this paper, we refer to smart grid technology or smart energy technology as grid technology that incorporates information and communication technologies (ICT).
尽管其确切含义存在不确定性，但人们普遍认为，智能电网将为具有深远影响的新应用打开大门（Kolokotsa，2016）。这些包括; 1）以可靠的方式将可再生能源，电动车辆和分布式发电机集成到网络中的能力; 2）通过需求响应和全面的控制和监控功能，更高效，更可靠地提供电力; 3）使用自动网格预防来预防和恢复停电（自愈网格）;最后，4）使消费者能够更好地控制自己的消费并积极参与电力市场（Giordano等，2013）。 Schleicher-Tappeser（2012）写道，智能电网代表了时间透明度，灵活的资源管理，通过市场机制进行控制，以及整个系统中各种用户的多种交互。此外，有些人认为智能电网是一个国家能源安全的重要组成部分（Ellaban和Abu-Rub，2016; Colak等，2016; Clastres，2011）。在本文中，我们将智能电网技术或智能能源技术称为结合了信息和通信技术（ICT）的网格技术。
Although green energy-related technologies may not always be considered “smart”, they are important solutions that, combined with smart grid technologies, synergize in meeting the EU Horizon 2020 challenge in secure, clean and efficient energy (EC, 2014). Moreover, the development and implementation of smart grid technology is expected to increase the capacity of the network, thereby allowing easier adoption of green energy-related technology such as renewable energy generators. Furthermore, EU#39;s 2020 vision for the smart grid highlights the importance of renewables in its energy policy goals (Iqtiyanilham et al., 2017). Both smart grid technology and green technology are, therefore, closely intertwined and equally relevant to this study.
虽然绿色能源相关技术可能并不总是被视为“市场”，但它们是重要的解决方案，与智能电网技术相结合，可以协同应对欧盟地平线2020在安全，清洁和高效能源方面的挑战（EC，2014）。 此外，智能电网技术的开发和实施有望提高网络容量，从而更容易采用绿色能源相关技术，如可再生能源发电机。 此外，欧盟2020年对智能电网的愿景强调了可再生能源在其能源政策目标中的重要性（Iqtiyanilham等，2017）。 因此，智能电网技术和绿色技术紧密相连，并且与本研究同等重要。
Part of the smart grid idea is that of the micro grid. A micro grid is a cluster of groups of electricity users and micro sources that operate as a single controllable system for generating and using power. It encompasses a variety of distributed generators, distributed storage, and a range of end-use load. In line with the development of micro grids, conusmuers role will change as well. Private citizens will be able to produce their own energy and sell this back into the grid, to a larger company, aggregates, or other private citizens. This is expected to entrust responsibility, engage and empower consumers, who until now have been perceived as passive recipients/buyers in the energy chain. Indeed, micro grids blur the distinction between generators and end-users, because users - either as individuals or as communities - increasingly become i
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