汇率波动下的泰国出口:纺织品和服装产品的案例研究外文翻译资料

 2022-02-15 23:06:44

Thai Export under Exchange Rate Volatility: A Case Study of Textile and Garment Products

1. Introduction

For more than three decade, the export oriented policy has long been one of the major economic development plans for Thailand since 1977. After adopting the policy for over 30 years, Thailandrsquo;s international trade has contributed to a high proportion of the countryrsquo;s Gross Domestic Product. Therefore, the international trade has played an important role on Thailandrsquo;s economic growth since then. Two most important factors that affect Thai international trade include export price and the foreign exchange rate which influences the countryrsquo;s competitiveness in many ways. Impacts of export price on export volume have long been the issue of interest since changing in price had always led to the argument which export sector should the government focus their policy to support. The elasticity of the export price on each export sector should then be determined. Also, after Thailandrsquo;s financial crisis in 1997, the country has adopted the floating exchange rate policy which greatly increased the exchange rate volatility and therefore directly affected the export industries. The consequences of exchange rate volatility on international trade, especially on export, have been extensively studied. Volatility of exchange rate is believed to have negative impact on trade volume, as discussed in Clark, Tamirisa, Wei, Sadikov, amp; Zeng (2004), intuitively, when the risk increases, the risk-averse traders would be afraid of losing money, so they would export less. The effect of exchange rate volatility on international trade also depends on the degree of competition and the relative degree of risk aversion and risk exposure of importers and exporters. If exporters bear the risk, prices will increase. If importers do, prices may fall. Invoicing in the home currency does not eliminate the exporterrsquo;s risk, as quantity demanded becomes uncertain.

Export in textile and garment product is the export sector which have high competition in the global market, thus, export price and exchange rate volatility are expected to have more impact on this export sector (Kadir et al., 2011). However, the impact of exchange rate volatility is still be ambiguous since some empirical researches have failed to either support or reject the hypothesis (Clark et. al., 2004; Ozturk, 2006). Conceptually, definition of exchange rate volatility (using risk-aversion of traders, and presence or absence of forward exchange market seem to be crucial in determining the relationship between international trade and exchange rate volatility (De Grauwe, 1988 and Sercu, 1992). For instance, in a theoretical work of De Grauwe (1988), it is argued that the effects of volatility depend on the degree of risk-aversion of traders in the market; in their model, the risk-averse exporters would export more when there is more risk in the exchange rate. This result disagrees with the standard belief about behavior of risk-averse traders. Additionally, concerning on empirical aspect, the situation is similarly indecisive. There are results that support the hypothesis (Arize, 1998 and Chowdhury, 1993) while many results do not (Asseery amp; Peel, 1991 and IMF, 1984). Even worse, some studies cannot find any significant relationship between these two variables; see e.g. (Aristotelous, 2001 and Gagnon, 1993). These findings suggest that empirical results are very sensitive to a number of factors, e.g. proxies for exchange rate volatility, model specification, sample period, and the countries considered.

The main purpose of this paper is to perform an empirical study of this ambiguous issue in the case of Thailand. The research question focuses on answering whether export price and exchange rate volatility have significant impacts on Thai export in textile and garment sector. The study employs three alternative methods, including, (i) quarterly variance, (ii) univariate GARCH model of spot exchange rate, and (iii) the bivariate GARCH models of spot and forward exchange rate, to measure exchange rate volatility. Panel data models with fixed effects and random effects models have both been applied to analyze the impact of export price and exchange rate volatility on Thai export in textile and garment sector by using quarterly data.

2. Theoretical Framework

To analyze the impacts of export price and exchange rate volatility on export quantity of Thailand in textile and garment sectors, this study applies two-country imperfect substitution model. The model is based on the assumption that export goods and goods produced in the foreign country cannot be perfectly substituted (Goldstein amp; Khan, 1985). This study assumes that the amount of Thai export depends on the prices of Thairsquo;s products represented by export price, converted from Thai Baht to foreign currency via the exchange rate in the corresponding time period. Since the export quantity also depends on foreign income or importing countriesrsquo; income, Thai export quantity is determined by the foreign trade partnersrsquo; income, export price, and exchange rate. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, importers of the trading partners will confront the risk of exchange rate volatility, in case it is sufficiently high (since exchange rate directly affects the export price). Therefore, the export function should also account for the exchange rate volatility as well. Then, export function can be stated as:

where denotes Thairsquo;s export quantity of product i, is trading partner income, is the Thairsquo;s export price of product i, is the exchange rate, and is the exchange rate volatility.

The export function can then be stated as follows:

where is column vector of Thairsquo;s export quantity of product at period t, is matrix of independent variables of export product at period , and is column vector o

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汇率波动下的泰国出口:纺织品和服装产品的案例研究

1、介绍

三十多年来,出口导向政策长期以来一直是泰国自1977年以来的主要经济发展计划之一。在采用该政策30多年后,泰国的国际贸易促成了该国国内生产总值的很大一部分。因此,从那时起,国际贸易对泰国的经济增长起了重要作用。影响泰国国际贸易的两个最重要因素包括出口价格和汇率,它在很多方面影响着该国的竞争力。出口价格对出口量的影响长期以来一直是人们关注的问题,因为价格的变化总是导致出口部门应该关注政府支持的政策。然后应确定每个出口部门的出口价格弹性。此外,在1997年泰国金融危机之后,该国采取了浮动汇率政策,大大增加了汇率波动,从而直接影响了出口产业。汇率波动对国际贸易,特别是出口贸易的影响已得到广泛研究。据Clark,Tamirisa,Wei,Sadikov和Zeng(2004)所述,汇率的波动性被认为对交易量产生了负面影响,直观地说,当风险增加时,厌恶风险的交易者会害怕亏损,所以他们会减少出口。汇率波动对国际贸易的影响还取决于竞争程度以及进口商和出口商的风险规避和风险敞口的相对程度。如果出口商承担风险,价格将会上涨。如果进口商这样做,价格可能会下降。以本国货币开发票不会消除出口商的风险,因为需求量变得不确定。

纺织品和服装产品的出口是全球市场竞争激烈的出口部门,因此出口价格和汇率波动预计将对该出口部门产生更大的影响(Kadir等,2011)。然而,汇率波动的影响仍然模棱两可,因为一些实证研究未能支持或拒绝该假设(Clark et.al。,2004; Ozturk,2006)。从概念上讲,汇率波动的定义(利用交易者的避险情绪以及远期外汇市场的存在与否)似乎对于确定国际贸易与汇率波动之间的关系至关重要(De Grauwe,1988和Sercu,1992)。例如,在De Grauwe(1988)的理论工作中,有人认为波动的影响取决于市场中交易者的风险厌恶程度;在他们的模型中,风险厌恶的出口商在出现时会出口更多。这种结果不符合风险厌恶交易者行为的标准信念。此外,关于经验方面,情况同样优柔寡断。有结果支持这一假设(Arize,1998和Chowdhury,1993)虽然许多结果没有(Asseery&Peel,1991和IMF,1984)。更糟糕的是,一些研究在这两个变量之间找不到任何显着的关系;参见例如(Aristotelous,2001和Gagnon),1993)。这些发现表明,实证结果对许多因素非常敏感,例如:代表汇率波动,模型规范,抽样期和所考虑的国家。

本文的主要目的是对泰国的这一模糊问题进行实证研究。研究问题的重点是回答出口价格和汇率波动是否对泰国纺织和服装部门的出口产生重大影响。该研究采用了三种替代方法,包括:(i)季度方差,(ii)即时汇率的单变量GARCH模型,以及(iii)现货和远期汇率的双变量GARCH模型,以衡量汇率波动率。采用固定效应和随机效应模型的面板数据模型均采用季度数据分析出口价格和汇率波动对纺织和服装部门泰国出口的影响。

2、理论框架

为了分析出口价格和汇率波动对泰国纺织服装行业出口数量的影响,本研究采用了两国不完全替代模型。该模型基于这样的假设:出口商品和在国外生产的商品不能完全取代(Goldstein&Khan,1985)。本研究假设泰国出口金额取决于出口价格代表的泰国产品价格,通过相应时间段的汇率从泰铢转换为外币。由于出口数量还取决于国外收入或进口国的收入,泰国出口数量由外贸合作伙伴的收入,出口价格和汇率决定。此外,如前所述,贸易伙伴的进口商将面临汇率波动的风险,如果它足够高(因为汇率直接影响出口价格)。因此,出口函数也应考虑汇率波动。然后,导出功能可以表示为:

其中表示泰国产品i的出口数量,是贸易伙伴收入,是泰国产品i的出口价格,fx是汇率,fxvol是汇率波动率。

然后可以如下说明导出功能:

由于研究期间涉及次贷危机期,本研究增加了一个虚拟变量来解释该模型中的次贷危机。然后模型变成了:

其中是次贷危机的虚拟变量,假设2008年之前为0,2008年之后为1。

3、方法论

本研究中的数据是面板数据,其中9个产品位于纺织和服装行业,季度数据从2000年第一季度开始到2011年第一季度。因变量包括泰国出口数量指数()的自然对数,作为出口数量的代表。独立变量包括作为进口国收入代表的GDP加权平均值()的自然对数,泰国纺织品和服装产品出口价格指数()的自然对数,作为纺织品和服装产品出口价格的代表,天然名义汇率和汇率()的对数,以泰国银行每泰铢兑换代理汇率计算。本研究采用三种方法来衡量汇率波动率(),包括季度方差的自然对数(),从单变量GARCH模型的即期汇率()计算的自然对数方差,以及由二元GARCH计算的自然对数方差现货和远期汇率模型()。虚拟变量()在2008之前和2008之后的值为0。本研究中分析的模型包括具有固定效应和随机效应模型的面板数据模型。

固定效果模型可以表述如下:

其中是产品i的横截面固定效应。

随机效应模型可以指定如下:

其中是乘积i的横截面随机效应,并且,。

4、实证结果

二元GARCH模型的估计结果如表1所示,表明了现货和远期汇率之间的显着动态关系和时变波动率。结果表明,现货和远期市场之间存在双变量ARCH效应。这意味着两个市场相互关联,允许进口商和出口商通过该远期衍生品市场的机制对冲其交易以抵御汇率风险。

表2纺织品和服装产品部门出口面板数据模型的估计结果。根据固定效应测试,模型的面板数据模型的估计结果具有显着的固定效果。这可能意味着纺织和服装部门的出口商有其自身未观察到的具体特征,因此,采用固定效应和随机效应估算方法估算了纺织和服装部门的模型。根据Hausman测试,随机效应模型是更合适的模型。

根据估计结果,出口价格指数是对纺织品和服装出口部门出口数量产生重大负面影响的因素。显着的负面影响证实了需求规律。出口价格上涨导致出口数量减少。关于汇率和汇率风险的影响,结果表明汇率本身对出口没有影响,而汇率风险在纺织品和服装出口部门中起着更重要的作用。这些调查结果意味着汇率不直接影响出口,但其影响是由汇率波动决定的汇率风险引起的。汇率风险越高,出口数量越低。这些调查结果证实了汇率波动与泰国纺织服装业出口数量的相关性。结果还表明,增加由双变量GARCH获得的汇率波动率变量可以帮助更准确和显着地揭示汇率(水平和波动率)对出口量的影响的所有方面。由二元GARCH模型计算的汇率波动确定的汇率风险似乎比其他方法更为合适,因为双变量GARCH模型考虑了汇率市场,包括现货市场和未来市场。

表1 双变量-GARCH模型的估计结果

Variable

cons

-0.0049 **

0.0018 *

0.0591 **

0.9997 ***

Sigma0 1_1

0.0117 ***

Sigma0 2_1

0.0002

Sigma0 2_2

0.0112 ***

L.ARCH 1_1

0.2454 ***

L.ARCH 2_1

0.0325

L.ARCH 2_2

0.5473 ***

Overall Chi2 test

314529.54 ***

Log likelihood

3695.9392

表2 纺织和服装部门面板数据模型的估计结果

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Variance

GARCH

Bi-GARCH

FE

RE

FE

RE

FE

RE

lnepius

-1.284 ***

-1.090 ***

-1.261 ***

-1.065 ***

-1.338 ***

-1.130 ***

lnwgdp

0.869 ***

0.842 ***

0.528 **

0.497 **

0.412 *

0.380

lnfx

0.245

0.284

-0.167

-0.129

-0.428

-0.389

lnfxvol1

-0.025 **

-0.026 **

lnfxvol2

-0.060

-0.063 *

lnfxvol3

-0.043 *

-0.041 **

Crisis

-0.102 ***

-0.107 ***

-0.057 *

-0.061 **

-0.047 *

-0.051 *

Constant

9.521 ***

8.495 ***

10.952 ***

9.923 ***

12.009 ***

10.933 ***

F-test

6.693 **

6.009 **

5.534 **

Chi2-test

30.360 ***

27.098 ***

24.400 ***

R2

0.110

0.115

0.099

0.104

0.086

0.090

FE-test

5.172 **

5.030 **

5.078 **

Hausman

2.999

2.868

3.235

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