Impacts of building information modeling (BIM) implementation on design and construction performance: a resource dependence theory perspective
3 Measurements and data
3.1 Measurement development
This study used a questionnaire survey as the method of collecting data to test the hypotheses. The measurement items in the questionnaire were initially developed based on information gleaned from the relevant literature, and a pre-test involving 53 respondents (34 from designers and 19 from general contractors) in BIM-based construction projects was then conducted via an online survey system (www.sojump.com) to identify ambiguous expressions and preliminarily test the validity of related constructs. Apart from project characteristic variables such as project size, a totaloffivevariablesrelatedtothisstudyweremeasuredin the questionnaire: extent of BIM implementation (EB), BIM-enabled information sharing capability (ISC), BIMenabled collaborative decision-making capability (CDC), BIM-enabled task efficiency improvement (TEY), and BIM-enabled task effectiveness improvement (TES). The variableof EB was measured using an aggregated index on BIM usage in a total of 13 implementation areas in design and construction stages identified by Cao et al. (2014). The extent of BIM implementation in each area was measured ona three-point scale of “0” (not used), “1” (some use)and “2” (extensive use). With the aim of improving the comprehensiveness of the implementation measurement, this study followed similar studies on other technologies (e.g., Zhu et al., 2006) to perform a principal component analysis (PCA) to aggregate the BIM implementation in the 13 examined areas into one summated factor, and used the factor scores to gauge the extent of BIM implementation in different projects.
In contrast to EB, the variables of ISC, CDC, TEY and TES were all modeled as reflective constructs with sevenpoint scale items (“1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree). The measurement items of these variables are shown in Table 1.The items of ISC were adapted from Cao and Zhang (2011),and a total of four items were adopted to measure the extent to which a focal project participating organization has been enabled to sharing information with other related participating organizations in a timely, complete, accurate and consistent manner based on BIM models. The operationalization of CDC was partly based on the studies of Wong et al. (2015) and Cao and Zhang (2011)in other industries,and the measurement items were largely revised to suit the context of BIM implementation in construction projects. A total of four items were ultimately adopted to reflect the extent to which a focal project participating organization has been enabled to regularly collaborate with other related participating organizations to jointly formulate design/construction plans, jointly select design/construction solutions, jointly adjust and optimize design/construction solutions, and jointly solve emergent design/construction problems based on BIM models. The items of TEY were adapted from Gattiker and Goodhue (2005) and were reworded to better reflect the impacts of BIM implementation in the context of construction projects. The operationalization of TES was based on Hoegl and Gemuenden rsquo;s (2001) study on teamwork effectiveness and Gao and Fischerrsquo;s (2008) study on BIM implementation benefits. Three items were ultimately adopted to reflect the extent to which BIM implementation has helped a focal project participating organization to reduce design errors or construction rework, explore design/construction solutions with higher quality and less cost, and accomplish design/construction products that more satisfactorily fulfill the client/owner#39;s needs. The items of TEY and TES have both been previously validated by Cao et al. (2015). While EB was measured as a contextual factor at the project level, ISC, CDC, TEY and TES were all measured at the level of a specific project participating organization (i.e., the design or construction team in which the respondent was employed). As a control variable used to check possible influences of project characteristics on the performance gains from BIM implementation (Bryde et al., 2013), project size was measured by project investment value.
3.2 Sampling and data collection
This study only considered those well-informed senior and professional individuals directly involved in project BIM implementation activities on the Chinese mainland as targeted respondents for the survey.Constrained by the still limited development of BIM in China, this study failed to use a completely random sampling method to elicit BIM based projects and related project respondents from a specific project database. Instead, respondents from designers and general contractors in diversified types of BIM-based projects were identified through a mix of methods, including contacting related industry professionals participating in BIM forums, interviewing pioneering corporations in BIM utilization, and obtaining information from online BIM communication communities. The identified respondents were then invited to complete the survey questionnaire based on their most recent BIM-based project which had already been completed or had already entered into the construction stage. It was anticipated that indicating the respondents to select their most recent project wouldnot only enable them to recollect the information on the project BIM implementation activities and performance, but also help minimize possible response biases as many respondents may have a tendency to choose their most successful BIM based construction projects.
Responses were collected from the respondents by means of e-mail, personal visits and an online survey system from December 2014 to February 2015. About 570 respondents were contacted through network-based channels (including emails and WeChat) and were informed that
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外文原文
Impacts of building information modeling (BIM) implementation on design and construction performance: a resource dependence theory perspective
3 Measurements and data
3.1 Measurement development
This study used a questionnaire survey as the method of collecting data to test the hypotheses. The measurement items in the questionnaire were initially developed based on information gleaned from the relevant literature, and a pre-test involving 53 respondents (34 from designers and 19 from general contractors) in BIM-based construction projects was then conducted via an online survey system (www.sojump.com) to identify ambiguous expressions and preliminarily test the validity of related constructs. Apart from project characteristic variables such as project size, a totaloffivevariablesrelatedtothisstudyweremeasuredin the questionnaire: extent of BIM implementation (EB), BIM-enabled information sharing capability (ISC), BIMenabled collaborative decision-making capability (CDC), BIM-enabled task efficiency improvement (TEY), and BIM-enabled task effectiveness improvement (TES). The variableof EB was measured using an aggregated index on BIM usage in a total of 13 implementation areas in design and construction stages identified by Cao et al. (2014). The extent of BIM implementation in each area was measured ona three-point scale of “0” (not used), “1” (some use)and “2” (extensive use). With the aim of improving the comprehensiveness of the implementation measurement, this study followed similar studies on other technologies (e.g., Zhu et al., 2006) to perform a principal component analysis (PCA) to aggregate the BIM implementation in the 13 examined areas into one summated factor, and used the factor scores to gauge the extent of BIM implementation in different projects.
In contrast to EB, the variables of ISC, CDC, TEY and TES were all modeled as reflective constructs with sevenpoint scale items (“1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree). The measurement items of these variables are shown in Table 1.The items of ISC were adapted from Cao and Zhang (2011),and a total of four items were adopted to measure the extent to which a focal project participating organization has been enabled to sharing information with other related participating organizations in a timely, complete, accurate and consistent manner based on BIM models. The operationalization of CDC was partly based on the studies of Wong et al. (2015) and Cao and Zhang (2011)in other industries,and the measurement items were largely revised to suit the context of BIM implementation in construction projects. A total of four items were ultimately adopted to reflect the extent to which a focal project participating organization has been enabled to regularly collaborate with other related participating organizations to jointly formulate design/construction plans, jointly select design/construction solutions, jointly adjust and optimize design/construction solutions, and jointly solve emergent design/construction problems based on BIM models. The items of TEY were adapted from Gattiker and Goodhue (2005) and were reworded to better reflect the impacts of BIM implementation in the context of construction projects. The operationalization of TES was based on Hoegl and Gemuenden rsquo;s (2001) study on teamwork effectiveness and Gao and Fischerrsquo;s (2008) study on BIM implementation benefits. Three items were ultimately adopted to reflect the extent to which BIM implementation has helped a focal project participating organization to reduce design errors or construction rework, explore design/construction solutions with higher quality and less cost, and accomplish design/construction products that more satisfactorily fulfill the client/owner#39;s needs. The items of TEY and TES have both been previously validated by Cao et al. (2015). While EB was measured as a contextual factor at the project level, ISC, CDC, TEY and TES were all measured at the level of a specific project participating organization (i.e., the design or construction team in which the respondent was employed). As a control variable used to check possible influences of project characteristics on the performance gains from BIM implementation (Bryde et al., 2013), project size was measured by project investment value.
3.2 Sampling and data collection
This study only considered those well-informed senior and professional individuals directly involved in project BIM implementation activities on the Chinese mainland as targeted respondents for the survey.Constrained by the still limited development of BIM in China, this study failed to use a completely random sampling method to elicit BIM based projects and related project respondents from a specific project database. Instead, respondents from designers and general contractors in diversified types of BIM-based projects were identified through a mix of methods, including contacting related industry professionals participating in BIM forums, interviewing pioneering corporations in BIM utilization, and obtaining information from online BIM communication communities. The identified respondents were then invited to complete the survey questionnaire based on their most recent BIM-based project which had already been completed or had already entered into the construction stage. It was anticipated that indicating the respondents to select their most recent project wouldnot only enable them to recollect the information on the project BIM implementation activities and performance, but also help minimize possible response biases as many respondents may have a tendency to choose
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