量化预计城市增长对大平原(美国)湿地连通性的影响外文翻译资料

 2022-02-27 22:08:49

LandscapeandUrbanPlanning186(2019)1–12

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Landscape and Urban Planning

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan

Research Paper

Quantifying the effects of projected urban growth on connectivity among wetlands in the Great Plains (USA)

Lucas J. Heintzman, Nancy E. McIntyre

Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, USA

A R T I C L E I N F O

Keywords:

FORE-SCE

Graph theory ICLUS

Playa

A B S T R A C T

Urban wetlands often have prolonged hydroperiods relative to non-urban ones, so they may play an outsized, positive role for wildlife. Ecological studies of urban wetlands have typically focused on large metropolitan areas, but non-traditional urbanizing areas such as the towns of the Great Plains of North America are projected to experience land-use and climate changes that will alter connectivity among the freshwater wetlands along a continental-scale migratory wildlife corridor. We used seven graph theory metrics to quantify connectivity among 89,798 of these wetlands under landscape-change forecasts from two models built for three climate- change and development scenarios, projected to the year 2050. We compared outcomes from models that dif- fered in focal variable (impervious surface or developed land use). Overall, models with impervious surface projections resulted in the most wetlands affected, whereas models featuring developed land use projections

resulted in the largest spatial distribution of effect. There were differences in how many and which wetlands

were forecast to become urbanized by model and scenario, resulting in different wetland network topologies and differences in the connectivity roles of individual wetlands. A consensus network was therefore developed based on the wetlands that were projected to increase in impervious surface and exist within developed land use by 2050. These 126 wetlands can be prioritized for urban ecological studies or management because they are highly likely to be affected regardless of model or scenario. Lastly, our study highlights the utility of considering a range of developmental futures when planning urban wetland management in non-traditional urbanizing areas.

  1. Introduction

Urban ecosystem studies have traditionally focused on large me- tropolitan centers. However, urbanization can produce a variety of environmental changes that have ripple effects along the urban-rural continuum (McDonnell amp; Pickett, 1990). Although popular, the concept of the urban-rural continuum itself is subject to changes both social and political (Lichter amp; Ziliak, 2017) as well as ecological (Geneletti, La Rosa, Spyra, amp; Cortinovis, 2017; Hansen et al., 2005). Moreover, urban periphery studies may assist future planning and sustainability efforts by managers (Geneletti et al., 2017; La Rosa, Geneletti, Spyra, amp; Albert, 2017). Therefore, since the effects of urbanization can occur across a wide range of habitats and at several levels simultaneously, stake- holders and managers are increasingly interested in studies of “rural urbanization.” Studies of rural urbanization can inform regional con- servation practices, ecosystem service management, and environmental hazard response (Cutter, Ash, amp; Emrich, 2016; Oliver amp; Thomas, 2014; Vias, 2012; Walker, de Beurs, amp; Henebry, 2015). Rural urbanization ecological studies will be especially important for those regions facing

increasing demographic pressures and climate change-induced restric- tions to large-scale management actions. The Great Plains, an ap- proximately 1.4–1.9 million km2 expanse of arid and semi-arid prairies, grasslands, and steppes of the North American continental interior (Samson amp; Knopf, 1994), represents just such an area ripe for non- traditional, rural urban ecological studies.

Although the Great Plains are known derisively as “flyover

country,” this region is one of the worldrsquo;s leading agricultural pro- duction areas, with several historic periods of population shifts of set- tlement abandonment as well as urban expansion (Kotkin, 2012; Wishart, 2004). The Great Plains has experienced a recent surge in economic and population growth, attributed to energy resource devel- opment, increased agricultural production, and favorable economic conditions (Kotkin, 2012; Scott, 2017; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014). However, these regional trends may be variable at local scales, with some areas of the Great Plains experiencing population declines (Parton, Gutmann, amp; Ojima, 2007; Wishart, 2004). Despite these po- tentially contrasting socio-economic influences, recent effects (Kotkin, 2012; Scott, 2017; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014) have resulted in

⁎ Corresponding author at: Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 3131, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.

E-mail addresses: lucas.heintzman@ttu.edu (L.J. Heintzman), nancy.mcintyre@ttu.edu (N.

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LandscapeandUrbanPlanning186(2019)1-12

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景观与城市规划

期刊主页:www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan

研究论文

量化预计城市增长对大平原(美国)湿地连通性的影响

Lucas J. Heintzman, Nancy E. McIntyre

美国德克萨斯理工大学生物科学系

文章信息

关键词:

FORE-SCE

图论

ICLUS

普拉亚

摘要

城市湿地相对于非城市湿地而言往往具有较长的水文周期,因此它们可能对野生动物起到非常积极的作用。城市湿地的生态研究通常集中在大都市区,但非传统的城市化区域,如北美大平原的城镇,在大陆规模的迁徙野生动物走廊中,预计将经历土地利用和气候变化,这将改变沿着淡水湿地的连通性。在预测到2050年的三个气候变化和发展情景的两个模型中,我们使用七个图论理论度量来量化这些湿地中89,798个湿地的连通性。我们比较了焦点变量不同的模型的结果(不透水表面或开发土地用途)。总体而言,具有不透水表面投影的模型导致大多数湿地受到影响,而具有开发土地利用预测的模型导致最大的空间分布效应。湿地的数量和湿度存在差异预测将通过模型和情景变为城市化,从而导致不同的湿地网络拓扑结构以及各个湿地的连通性角色的差异。因此,基于湿地的共识网络得到了发展,预计到2050年,湿地将在不透水面上增加并存在于已开发的土地利用中。这126个湿地可以优先用于城市生态研究或管理,因为无论模型如何,它们都很可能受到影响或场景。最后,我们的研究强调了在非传统城市化地区规划城市湿地管理时考虑一系列发展的效用。

  1. 介绍

传统上,城市生态系统研究主要集中在大都市中心。然而,城市化可以产生各种环境变化,这些变化会对城乡连续体产生连锁反应(McDonnell amp; Pickett, 1990)。虽然受欢迎,但城乡连续体本身的概念却受到社会和政治变化的影响(Lichter amp; Ziliak, 2017)以及生态(Geneletti, La Rosa, Spyra, amp; Cortinovis, 2017; Hansen et al., 2005)。此外,城市边缘研究可能有助于管理人员未来的规划和可持续性工作(Geneletti, La Rosa, Spyra, amp; Cortinovis, 2017; Hansen et al., 2005)。因此,由于城市化的影响可以在广泛的栖息地和多个层面同时发生,所以利益相关者和管理者对“农村城市化”的研究越来越感兴趣。农村城市化研究可以为区域保护实践,对生态系统服务管理和环境危害有影响(Cutter, Ash, amp; Emrich, 2016; Oliver amp; Thomas, 2014; Vias, 2012; Walker, de Beurs, amp; Henebry, 2015)。农村城市化生态研究对于面临不断增加的人口压力和气候变化的地区尤为重要,

因为这导致了大规模管理行动的限制。大平原,大约140-190万平方公里广阔的干旱和半干旱草原,草原和北美大陆内陆草原(Samson amp; Knopf, 1994),代表了非传统的农村城市生态研究的成熟区域。

虽然大平原被称为“天桥”,但这个地区是世界上主要的农业生产区之一,有几个历史时期的人口转移和城市扩张(Kotkin, 2012; Wishart, 2004)。由于能源资源开发、农业生产增加和有利的经济条件,大平原最近经历了经济和人口增长的激增(Kotkin, 2012; Scott, 2017; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014)。然而,这些区域趋势可能在地方尺度上有所变化,大平原的一些地区正在经历人口下降(Parton, Gutmann, amp; Ojima, 2007; Wishart, 2004).尽管存在这些潜在的社会经济影响,但最近的影响(Kotkin, 2012; Scott, 2017; U.S.Census Bureau, 2013, 2014)导致了

⁎通讯作者:德克萨斯理工大学生物科学系,Mailstop 3131,Lubbock,TX 79409-3131,USA。

电子邮件地址:lucas.heintzman@ttu.edu (LJ Heintzman),nancy.mcintyre@ttu.edu (NE麦金太尔)。

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.02.007

可用的在线 2月25日2019年2月

2018年2月15日收到;于2018年10月17日收到修订表格;2019年2月9日接受

0169-2046 /copy;2019ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved。

大平原区域城市中心内部及周边地区不透水面覆盖面积的增加和土地使用量的扩大。由于这些当地的景观变化,未知数量的区域湿地也会受到周围不透水面的增加和土地开发利用的扩大。

正如我们通常不认为大平原是城市一样,我们通常也不认为它是湿地。然而,大平原拥有数百万个淡水湿地,形成了野生动物栖息地的生态网络,即候鸟的中央飞行路线(Smith, Pederson, amp; Kiminski, 1989; Tiner, 2003)。这个大陆规模的迁徙野生动物走廊将大平原北部的冰川形成的草原坑洼与大平原中部和南部的风成湿地(即普拉亚)联系起来(Bolen, Smith, amp; Schramm, 1989; Guthery amp; Bryant, 1982; McIntyre et al., 2014)。美国大平原的风成湿地与其他干旱景观中的短暂湿地网络相似,这些景观易受土地利用和气候变化的影响,如北非的萨布哈斯(Briere, 2000)和澳大利亚内陆的风成湿地(Bourne amp; Twidale, 2010)。预计大平原的气候和发展模式将进一步改变该地区89,798个风成湿地的构成、配置和连通性(图.1)。调查农村城市化的未来模式以及对普拉亚湿地的相关影响可以使管理行动更加可持续地减轻大平原地区的气候和发展影响。

普拉亚是大平原中部和南部地上淡水的主要来源,通过为水生和两栖野生动物提供关键资源,使其成为区域生物多样性热点(Bolen et al., 1989; Hall et al., 2004; Haukos amp; Smith, 1994; Hernandez, Reece, amp; McIntyre, 2006; Ramesh, Griffis-Kyle, Perry, amp; Farmer, 2012; Tsai, Venne, Smith, McMurry, amp; Haukos, 2012),以及奥加拉拉含水层的地下水补给的主要来源(Gurdak amp; Roe, 2010; Smith, 2003)。普拉亚已针对城市地区的雨水管理和娱乐进行了修改(Collins et al., 2014; Haukos amp; Smith, 1994; Heintzman, Anderson, Carr, amp; McIntyre, 2015);随着大平原地区的城市化扩张,预计这些改变将会增加。普拉亚来自降水径流,使它们对天气和改变流域结构的人类土地利用决策敏感(Smith, 2003; Venne, Tsai, Cox,Smith, amp; McMurray, 2012)。

大平原湿地正在被人类土地利用所改变,包括城市化和气候变化。然而,这些驱动程序并不总是损害功能:普拉亚通常具有更长的时间(长达1312天;Collins et al., 2014)相对于非城市的湿地(最多453天; Tsai, Venne, McMurry, amp; Smith, 2007; Venne et al., 2012)

由于人为输入水和盆地改造长期保水(Collins et al., 2014; Ganesan et al., 2016; Uden et al., 2015; VanLandeghem, Meyer, Cox, Sharma, amp; Patino, 2012)。此外,发达地区的普拉亚与水化学及其微生物群落的非城市化的不同(Durham, Porter, Webb, amp; Thomas, 2016; Heintzman et al., 2015; Moorhead, Davis, amp; Wolf, 1998; Starr, Heintzman, Mulligan, Barbato, amp; McIntyre, 2016; Warren, Jeter, Kimbrough, amp; Zak, 2004)但在干旱期间,发达地区的普拉亚可能是唯一含水的区域((Collins et al., 2014),因此它们的可靠性可能使它们在支持景观连通性方面发挥出乎意料的积极作用(Ruiz et al., 2014)。虽然普拉亚的生物生产力是由它们的天然干湿循环驱动的(Haukos amp; Smith, 1994),长时间的城市普拉亚可能会促进某些物种的发育或扩散(Collins et al., 2014; Venne et al., 2012)。因此,城市普拉亚是一种栖息地,需要管理者进行区域生态权衡,以确定是否优先考虑更多的自然生态系统功能,或者优先考虑延长水生栖息地在整个景观中的持久性,后者在干旱时期尤为重要(Collins et al., 2014)和迁徙物种。

普拉亚作为迁徙中途停留地点的重要性得到了广泛认可(McIntyre et al., 2014; Smith, 2003; Tiner,2003),但是,普拉亚的生态网络是动态的,并且会受到持续的人为变化的影响。降水和土地利用的年际差异每年都会产生不同的普拉亚拓扑((Ruiz et al., 201)。.这些不同拓扑结构对通过网络迁移的野生动物的影响很少被考虑。鉴于区域气候变化的预测和大平原干旱的可能性增加,城市普拉亚与他们长期的水力周期对于迁移路线连通性可能越来越重要。尽管野生动植物和人类普拉亚非常重要,但对当前和预期的普拉亚城市化速度(即,城市环境中不存在的普拉亚向城市环境中存在的转变,和/或由于与城市发展相关的人为压力,预期游普拉亚会经历更多的生态变化),区域规划者和私人利益相关者需要减少大平原的土地利用和气候变化,特别是在野生动植物的景观连通性方面。

对于我们的研究,我们使用美国环境保护局的综合气候和土地利用情景(ICLUS;https://www.epa.gov/iclus)和美国地质调查局正在进行的土地利用变化模型SCEnarios(FORE-SCE;http://landcarbon.org/categories/land-use/

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