Introduction of SCM
SCM is a semiconductor wafer integration: the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), parallel I/O, serial I/O, timer/counters, interrupt system, the system clock circuit and the system bus microcomputer. With miniature computer properties, thus called the single chip computer, abbreviation microcontroller.
Mainly used in measurement and control field. When using single chip, are usually of the measure and control system in the core status and Embedded them so often called on international chip Embedded controller (EMCU MicroController, Embedded security unit.and), or micro controller (MCU, MicroController unit.and). Our country used to use "one-chip computer" this name.
MCU is computer technology an important milestone in the history of computer, marks formal formation of the general computer systems and embedded computer system two branches. SCM small volume, low cost, embedded in industrial control unit, robot, intelligent instrumentation, automotive electronic system, the weapon system, home appliances, office automation equipment, financial electronic system, toys, personal information terminals and communication products.
According to its use can be divided into general type and special two kinds big.
(1) universal single-chip microcomputer is the internal development resources (such as the memory and I/O, etc. Various kinds of peripheral function parts) can all to give users. Users according to the needs, design a single-chip microcomputer chip on general as the core, match again with peripheral interface circuit and other peripheral equipment, and write the corresponding software to meet the various different need of measurement and control system. Usually said and book introduces is universal microcontroller.
(2) special MCU is specific to certain products and make the specific use of the microcontroller. Because the design of "special", has the most simplified structure of this system, reliability and cost optimization, etc all did comprehensive consideration, so "special" SCM has obviously comprehensive advantage.
Whatever "special" purposes microcomputer in how "designed", the basic structure and working principle is based on general single-chip microcomputer.
MCU development history is how to divide?
SCM according to the processing binary digits mainly divided into: four microcontroller, 8-bit microcontroller, 16 SCM and 32-bit SCM. Development can be divided into four stages.
The first stage (1974 ~ 1976): SCM primary stage. Because of craft, microcontroller with double piece limited form of and the function is simple. In December 1974, XianTong company has released eight F8 microcontroller, in fact only included eight CPU, RAM and 64 B two parallel port.
The second stage (1976 ~ 1978) : low performance microcontroller stage. In 1976 the MCS-48 intel-based microcontroller (eight) greatly promote the reform and development of single chip, 1977 launch of the GI PIC1650, but this stage is still at low performance stage.
The third stage (1978 ~ 1983) : high performance microprocessor stage. In 1978, the Zilog Z8 microcontroller, launched in 1980, the Intel company in MCS - 48 series launched MCS - based on 51 series, 6801 microcontroller. Mortorola launch To make SCM performance and the application of the leap in the new stage.
Since then, each company 8-bit microcontroller rapid development. The launch of the single chip with universal serial I/O mouth, multilevel interrupt system, and A timer/counter, within the capacity of ROM, RAM, and addressing range increased to 64 KB, some within the piece with A/D converter. Because this kind of MCU high performance-to-price, so are widely used, is currently the largest number of MCU application.
The fourth stage (1983 ~ now) : 8-bit microcontroller consolidates and 16-bit single chip, 32-bit SCM launch phase. 16 typical product of the Intel company series microcontroller - 96 MCS. And 32-bit SCM, except for its higher level of integration, the data processing the 16-bit single chip improve faster than many than 8 bits, and performance 16-bit single chip more superior.
1990s large development period, microcontroller manufacturing Mortorola, Intel, ATMEL, Texas instruments (TI), mitsubishi, Hitachi, philips and LG company developed a large number of the superior performance of microcontroller, push the MCU application. In recent years, and there are many new type of high level of integration of the single chip products, the products emerging in the rich and colorful situation. Currently, except 8-bit microcontroller widely used outside, the 16-bit single chip, 32-bit SCM also get broad customers.
MCU characteristics :
MCU is integrated circuit technology and microcomputer technology, high-speed development of the product. Small size, low prices and easy application, stable and reliable, and therefore, to industrial automation areas such as a major revolution and technology progress. For small volume, easily into the system, in order to achieve the of all kinds of test, calculation or control, this, general microcomputer cannot do. Due to the microcontroller itself is a miniature computers, so as long as the microcontroller external appropriately increase some necessary peripheral expansion circuit, it can be flexibly constitute various application system, such as industrial automatic detection monitoring system, data acquisition system, automatic control system, intelligent instruments, etc.
Why wide application? Has the following advantages:
(1) complete function, application and reliable, strong anti-jamming capability.
(2) simple, easy to popularize. Microcontroller technology is easy control technology. Application system design, construction, commissioning is an easy thing, engineering and technical personnel through learning can quickly grasp it
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