Examples and Resources to Support Criminal Justice Entities in Compliance with Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act

II. Systemic Considerations

It is important that criminal justice entities anticipate and prepare for the disability-related needs of people with mental health disabilities or I/DD. Training criminal justice personnel, conducting reviews of policies and procedures, and collaborating with mental health and disability services providers are three ways to achieve that end.

A. Training

Criminal justice personnel are likely to encounter people with mental health disabilities or I/DD who are part of the communities they serve and protect. Several factors may indicate that a person has a mental health disability or I/DD, including self-report, information provided to dispatch or to the officer or employee, the employeersquo;s prior knowledge of the person, or the employeersquo;s direct observation. Without proper training, criminal justice personnel may misinterpret the conduct of individuals with mental health disabilities or I/DD as intentional disrespect or disobedience, which may escalate encounters and lead to unnecessary criminal justice involvement. Appropriate training can prepare personnel to execute their ADA responsibilities in a manner that keeps staff, individuals with disabilities, and members of the community safe; promotes public welfare; builds trust with the community; respects the rights of individuals with disabilities; ensures effective use of criminal justice resources; and contributes to reliable investigative and judicial results.

Criminal justice entities have provided trainings to their personnel on these topics:

How non-medically trained criminal justice personnel can recognize common characteristics and behaviors associated with mental health disabilities or I/DD;
How to interact with individuals with these disabilities;
When and how to make reasonable modifications for individuals with these disabilities;
What individuals with these disabilities may experience and how that may affect their interactions with others (e.g., hearing voices);
How to take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with individuals with mental health disabilities or I/DD;
How to avoid escalating interactions with people with these disabilities;
How to use de-escalation or other alternative techniques to increase safety and avoid using force unnecessarily;
What local resources are available to provide treatment, services, or support for individuals with mental health disabilities or I/DD; and
When and how to draw upon these resources or others, such as crisis intervention teams, mobile crisis teams, assertive community treatment teams, or mental health providers.

Special Considerations for Law Enforcement Agencies: Law enforcement agencies have provided training to dispatchers on how to recognize and handle calls from or about people with mental health disabilities or I/DD, including on the following topics:

The availability of crisis intervention teams or other resources to respond to calls about individuals with mental health disabilities or I/DD;
When to dispatch crisis intervention teams or officers with training in interacting with people with these disabilities;
When to consider dispatching a mental health provider rather than a police officer;
Information about, and contact information for, community-based service providers; and
The importance of communicating information dispatchers receive about individualsrsquo; disabilities to responding officers or service providers.

B. Analysis

Criminal justice entities have reviewed their policies, practices, procedures, and standing orders to ensure that they do not discriminate against people with mental health disabilities or I/DD. For example, entities have collected, aggregated, and analyzed data regarding individuals served by the entity and outcomes to determine whether people with disabilities are subjected to bias or other discrimination. Where potential discrimination has been found, entities have taken necessary corrective measures, such as revising policies and procedures; refining quality assurance processes; and implementing training.

C. Collaboration with Other Entities

States, counties, and cities, which often administer both criminal justice and disability service systems, have obligations under the ADA to ensure people with mental health disabilities or I/DD receive services in the most integrated setting appropriate to their needs. Services such as scattered-site supported housing, Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), crisis services, intensive case management, respite, personal care services, behavior support, nursing care, peer support, and supported employment services can support a jurisdictionrsquo;s efforts to divert people with these disabilities from the criminal justice system and serve them in their communities.

State and local governments must prevent unnecessary institutionalization of people with disabilities. Governments have complied with this obligation by using community-based treatment services to keep people with disabilities out of the criminal justice system. These governments have recognized that the responsibility for effectively serving people with mental health disabilities or I/DD cannot fall to law enforcement alone. Therefore, they ensure that their disability service systems offer sufficient community-based services and support criminal justice entities to coordinate with, and divert to, community-based services.

Criminal justice entities have collaborated with their jurisd

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本指南讨论的法律要求是重新审议《美国残疾人法》第二章、42 USC 12131-12134 及其实施条例中的现有要求，第 28 CFR 点 35。如果您对这些要求有疑问，请联系民权司的 ADA 信息热线。

《美国残疾人法》第二章保护有精神健康残疾和智力发育障碍（I/DD）的个人不受刑事司法系统内的歧视。根据《刑法》，州和地方政府的刑事司法实体（包括警察、法院、检察官、辩护律师、监狱、少年司法和惩戒机构）必须确保有精神残疾或I/DD的人在刑事司法系统中得到平等对待，并为他们提供平等的机会从安全、包容的社区中受益。不歧视要求，如对政策、做法和程序进行合理修改，并采取适当步骤与残疾人有效沟通，也支持确保公共安全、促进公益和避免残疾人不必要的刑事司法参与的目标。

《残疾人权利法》还要求州和地方政府在管理服务时避免歧视精神残疾者或I/DD，并在最综合的环境中为残疾人提供服务。有效执行这些要求将有助于这些残疾人获得他们需要的社区服务。此外，加强刑事司法机构和残疾服务系统之间的合作和改善资源分配也有助于减少残疾人经历的社会、职业、经济和教育差距。

本文件强调通过改进政策、有效培训、数据使用、资源分配以及刑事司法实体和残疾服务之间的协作，提高ADA的遵守情况和积极的社区成果的机会系统。司法部希望这种技术援助将促进残疾人和刑事司法人员的安全和福利。

I. 一般 ADA 要求

《残疾人法》第二章规定，任何因残疾而致残的合格个人不得参与、剥夺所有州或地方的服务、方案和活动的福利或受到歧视。政府实体，包括执法、惩戒和司法系统实体。这些服务、计划和活动包括：

bull; 约谈和询问证人、被害人或当事方，协商抗辩，评估个人进行转移方案，进行传讯，设定保释或释放条件，作证，判刑，提供权利通知，决定是否撤销缓刑、假释，或由检察官和辩护律师、法院、少年司法系统、预审服务、缓刑和假释服务进行服务转介;

bull; 监狱和监狱入职和分类评估、医疗和精神卫生服务、娱乐活动、教育和职业方案、康复方案、申诉程序、奖励方案、纪律和分类程序、住房安置、假释和释放方案以及再入境规划;和

bull; 执法街头互动、取走和回应投诉或呼吁协助、车辆拦截和搜查、逮捕、拘留、面谈、审讯和紧急反应。

第二章禁止歧视的一般禁令受到限制。当个人对他人的健康或安全构成'直接威胁'，即无法通过合理修改政策、做法或程序来减轻或消除的重大健康或安全风险时，第二章不要求公共实体允许该个人参与或受益于服务、计划或活动。

该部着重介绍了下文对州和地方政府实体的一些关键第二编义务。每个机构和司法系统都是独一无二的，州和地方领导人是决定其机构最有效的执行战略的人。因此，为了支持州和地方执法、惩戒和司法系统领导人遵守这些 ADA 要求，每个 ADA 义务都遵循合规示例。这些例子反映了全国各地州和地方领导人为遵守ADA而实施这些战略的许多经验。

根据第二章，州和地方政府实体除其他义务外，必须：

bull; 确保有精神健康障碍或 I/DD 的人有平等的机会参与实体的计划、服务和活动并从中受益。