Chinese legal culture in the long history on legal culture in ancient China
I
Legal culture in ancient China is a kind of social ideology that revolves around the formation, development and evolution of law, legal system and legal institution. Chinese legal culture has undergone long historical development before its formation, therefore it is of historic significance, epochal character and representativeness.To prove this point, I will cite the Chinese legal culture in several historical periods as examples.
During the Spring-Autumn (770-476BC) and Warring States Periods (475-221BC), the Legalists theory was prevailing and Legalists made declarations on the origin, nature, content, form, function and value of law. In particular, Guan Zhong, one of the earliest Legalists, put forward the idea of 'ruling a state under the law'. As a result, the legal culture, in the Spring-Autumn and Warring States Periods, was characterized by jurisprudence, and is deemed the most representative legal achievement in this period.
In the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220), Confucianism was established as the dominant school of thought, and the doctrine on guides and morality in Confucianism, namely the ethical code of 'the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues' (San Gang Wu Chang), was introduced into the law. From then on, the law began to cater to Confucianism, after which, the prominent feature in the law theory was the so called 'morality given priority over penalty'(De Zhu Xing Fu) (Note: Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian in the Han Dynasty, established the comprehensive theoretical system of 'morality given priority over penalty'. He believed that 'morality' and 'penalty' shall be placed at different position and 'morality' shall be regarded as the priority, advocating 'morality over penalty' as well as 'more morality and less penalty'. The theory of 'morality given priority over penalty', after the analysis and support by Confucians in the Han Dynasty, gradually became the guiding ideology for the Han Dynasty in legislation and governance and imposed a far-reaching impact on future generations). This theory was a feature of the legal culture in that period, and it affected the entire feudal society after the Han Dynasty with 'morality given priority over penalty' remained as the guiding ideology in the construction of the legal system.
II
After 'morality given priority over penalty' was then established as the ideology of legal system construction in the Han Dynasty, it experienced further development in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). In that period, a famous code, the Discussions on the Laws of Tang Dynasty (Tang Lv Shu Yi) (Note: the Discussions on the Laws of Tang Dynasty, first named Discussions on the Laws, also called Discussions on the Laws Enacted in the Year of Yong Hui, also an extremely important code revised by well-known officials, such as Zhangsun Wuji, Li Ji and etc., on the basis of the Laws Enacted in the Year of Zhen Guan (Zhen GuanLv), and was also one of earliest statute law in East Asia, was published. It was the codification of criminal laws and its sparse notes in the Tang Dynasty, and was currently the most ancient and the most complete feudal code in China, with 30 volumes, 12 chapters and 500 articles. In addition, it had a significant impact on legislation in ancient Japan, North Korea, Vietnam and other countries whose codes were mostly the imitation of the Laws in the Tang Dynasty (Tang Lv). It was one of the oldest and the best-preserved codes. And in this code, the relationship between morality and law was further enriched. The code proposed that, 'in administrating the country, virtue and morality were the basic, while penalty and sanction were auxiliary'. This made clear of the relationship between the two as the end and means. Moreover, thinkers and politicians in the Tang Dynasty compared this relationship to that of 'Hun Xiao Yang Qiu'. “Hun” refers to dusk, “Xiao” refers to dawn, and “Yang Qiu” refers to the changes of four seasons. That is to say the everlasting relationship between morality and punishment was unchangeable and irrevocable as that between the day and night as well as the four seasons, which further indicated that thinkers and politicians in the Tang Dynasty had put so much emphasis on such relationship.
When it came to the Ming(1368 - 1644) and Qing (1644 - 1911) Dynasties, the last two dynasties in late Chinese feudal society, the Expository Jurisprudence, which then interpreted the major laws enacted by the state, rose as the prevailing legal theory and the legal culture in this period (Note: the Expository Jurisprudence was an important manifestation of legal studies in ancient China, mainly including criminal law and procedural law. In the pre-Qin period, Chinese law was mainly demonstrated in jurisprudence, which was represented by the Legalists who argued the emergence, nature, function, value and influence of law, etc. After entering the Han Dynasty, the Expository Jurisprudence became the main form of ancient law. Therefore, it is against historical practice to say that there is no law in ancient China.). The Expository Jurisprudence was a discipline to interpret the major laws enacted by the state. In the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, in order to improve the efficiency of justice, the authority attached great attention to the interpretation of the representative codes, so they encouraged private interpretation, which is to say non-governmental interpretation of the law (Private Interpretations on the Law: During the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), the right to interpret law was exclusive to state officials, and private interpreting were strictly prohibited. Until the Western Han Dynasty, private interpretations on existing laws were allowed. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to understand the relationship between laws of various origins and to av
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中国古代的法律文化是一种社会意识形态,它围绕着法律、法律制度和法律制度的形成,发展和演变。中国法律文化在形成之前已经经历了很长的历史发展,因此具有历史意义,时代性和代表性。为了证明这一点,我将列举几个历史时期的中国法律文化作为例子。
在春秋(公元前770-476)和战国时期(公元前475-221)期间,法家理论盛行,法学家就法律的起源,性质,内容,形式,功能和价值发表了声明。特别是最早的法学家之一管仲提出了“法治国家”的思想。结果,春秋战国时期的法律文化以法学为特征,被认为是当今最有代表性的法律成就。
在汉代(公元前206-公元220),儒学被确立为主要思想流派,儒家的指导思想和道德学说,即“三位主要指导思想和五种常德”的道德准则(三纲五常),被引入法律。从那时起,法律开始迎合儒家思想,此后,法律理论的显着特征就是所谓的“道德优先于刑罚”(德主刑辅)(注:汉代儒家董仲舒)王朝建立了“道德重于刑罚”的综合理论体系,认为“道德”与“刑罚”放在不同的位置,以“道德”为优先,倡导“道德重于刑罚”。在汉代儒家的分析和支持下,“道德优先于刑罚”的理论逐渐成为汉代立法,治国和治国的指导思想。对子孙后代产生了深远的影响)。这一理论是那个时期法律文化的特征,它以“道德给人以道德”影响了汉代以后的整个封建社会。
在汉代确立“道德优先于刑罚”的思想体系之后,唐代(618-907)经历了进一步的发展。在那个时期,有一个著名的法典,《唐律疏议》(注:《唐律疏议论》,第一个被称为《律疏》,也被称为《唐律疏议》)。永徽年,也是长孙无忌,李绩等著名官员根据贞观年颁布的法律修订的极其重要的法规,也是它是东亚最早的一部成文法,是唐代刑法及其稀疏注释的编纂,是目前中国最古老,最完整的封建法典,共三十卷十二章, 500 条,此外,它对古代日本,朝鲜,越南和其他国家/地区的法律也产生了重大影响,这些国家/地区的法规主要是模仿唐朝的法律(唐律),它是最古老的法规之一。保存最完好的代码。在这段代码中,道德和法律得到进一步丰富。该法典提出:“在管理国家中,德礼为政教之本,刑法为政教之用”。这就明确了两者之间的关系为目的和手段。而且,唐代的思想家和政治家把这种关系与“昏晓阳秋”相比较,“昏”指黄昏,“晓”指黎明,“阳秋”指四个季节的变化。这就是说,道德与惩罚之间的永恒关系是不变的,是不可逆转的,就像白天和黑夜以及四个季节之间的关系一样,这进一步表明,道德与惩罚之间的关系。
当涉及到明朝(1368-1644 年)和清朝(1644-1911 年)王朝时,中国封建社会的最后两个王朝-解释法学,随后解释了国家颁布的主要法律,后来兴起为盛行的法律。理论和这一时期的法律文化(注:说明性法学是中国古代法律研究的重要体现,主要包括刑法和程序法。在先秦时期,中国法律主要表现为法学,以法学家为代表,他们主张法律的出现,性质,功能,价值和影响等。进入汉代后,说明法学成为古代法律的主要形式。因此,说中国古代没有法律是违背历史惯例的。)解释法学是一门解释国家颁布的主要法律的学科。在明清时期,为了提高司法效率,当局高度重视代表法规的解释,因此鼓励私下解释,也就是说民间对法律的解释(私有)。法律解释:在秦朝(公元前 221-206 年)期间,法律2解释权是国家官员专有的,严格禁止私人解释。直到西汉以前,对现行法律的私人解释都是允许的。在东汉,为了理解各种起源的法律之间的关系并避免它们之间的矛盾,并最终实现法律的统一应用,私法解释成为一种流行。东汉的三代法学家郭氏, 陈氏,吴氏等东汉时期的一些著名家族,致力于研究和解释法律,并担任重要的官职,具有杰出的政治成就。当时,司法部的主要官员和其他官员都鼓励解释法律,因此立法者和司法人员都对法律进行解释。在明清时期,除了负责法律解释的司法官员外,一群“法律顾问”,协助司法工作特别是刑事事务的官员的助手也通过利用法律来解释法律。他们多年的积累经验[注:法律顾问(刑名幕友)是清代的一个特殊群体。他们没有官职,但在地方机构中只有一定权力,经常干预司法活动,甚至以自己的法律专长操纵司法审判,因此对清朝的司法活动产生了深远的影响。]甚至有些识字的人也没有进入官方解释法律。结果,一大批学者致力于明代和清朝的法律解释,特别是在清朝时期,官方和私人都对法律进行了解释,即清朝的法律。许多官员和法律顾问参与了解释,法律解释持续了很长时间,将近一百年,因此在此期间形成了不同类型的法律解释。有些人在法律文本中专门解释了一个词,有些人解释了法律的基础。有些是用歌词或单词公式形式写的简短介绍,另一些则是图形作品,而所有这些都促进了司法部门研究法律和适用法律。因此,法律文化以明代和清代的说明法学为代表。
清代的法律解释活动(释法法学)持续了一百多年,致力于法律解释的小组非常庞大,包括官方,政府官员和私人(无正式职位)的法律顾问。其中有两位著名的专家,其中一位是王明德,主要作品是《读律佩觿》(注:《读律佩觿》有八卷,其中提出了八步阅读法律资料的步骤。第一步是掌握主要思想,第二步是概述要点,第三步是找出每篇文章背后的出处和原因,第四步是对所有文章进行批判性比较,第五步是根据血缘关系来判刑,第六步探索犯罪的主体方面,第七次形成构成对条款的理解的内部体系,第八次建立依法无偏见的判断。这是一本关于准确理解法律的方法和研究法律的捷径的书。觿字一词是指由锋利的骨头制成的纽扣,因此这本书的文学含义是:《读律佩觿》是指能够借助觿理解法律条文,即注释和解释,在锥子的帮助下,最多可以释放一个按钮。
另一位专家叫沈之奇,其法律解释为《大清律辑注》(注:《大清律辑注》是沉之琦为解释清代法律而编写的书,后来被整理)并由现代研究者对法律解释进行校对。本书的独特之处在于它不仅收集和吸收了当时被视为权威观点的研究成果,而且还具有自己的独特见解。这使其成为当时和以后世代广泛阅读的法律杰作,也是我们研究清代法律和解释的必不可少的作品。王和沉的作品都受到公众甚至皇帝的高度评价,因为法律解释可以用来指导司法工作。问题是这些解释是否可以实际应用于案例审判?法律无法解释某些地方案件,因此尽管不鼓励使用法律解释中的某些观点来解释和解决该案件。有时,司法部的官员在审理可疑案件时会进行激烈的辩论和争论,他们经常参考法律学者的观点来支持他们的论点。这表明解释法律的法学学者的观点进入了立法领域,有的观点被立法机关直接采纳。因此,清代的判例法学是法律解释学,在刑法,诉讼法和历史法上都取得了举世瞩目的成就。
清代刑法代表作:王明德《读律佩觿》,沈之奇《大清律辑注》,万汉合集《清代法律案例集》。
清代诉讼法的代表作:祝庆琪的《刑案汇览全编》,何希彦的刑事案件催收续集,潘文芳,徐建全的刑事诉讼催收。
清代历史法学的代表作:吴潭《清史案例》,吴 Kun 修《清史案例》,薛允升的《读例存疑》等。
3清朝统治者之所以提倡法律解释,是为了使官员了解具体规定,了解清朝法律和判例的立法目的,以实现统一,准确的法律适用。可以说清朝的法学可以满足统治者的这种要求,清朝的说明法学在中国法律文化中占有一定的地位。法律文化存在于春秋战国,汉代,唐代,明代和清代,各有其时代特征,这是特定时代在法律文化上的烙印 ,一个时代的品牌。
中国古代的法律文化有着悠久的发展历史,有超过 4,000 多年的文字研究历史,因此在漫长的过程中积累了丰富的资料。例如,一些动物骨骼,青铜器或竹木条上的原始铭文与法律领域有关,但记录了历代立法成就的文件以及古代哲学家的一些著作除外。
可以看出,中国古代法律文化的内容实际上是丰富而深刻的,可以说是世界上最古老的文明中最大的收藏之一。此外,长期以来,中国古代的法律文化是最有影响力或世界顶级的法律文化之一。例如,在唐代,法律文化传播到日本,韩国和安南等一些邻国,后者随后派学者叫肯图什到中国学习法律。在研究了唐代法律,《唐律疏议》之后,这些学者将对中国法律文化的了解带回了自己的国家,作为重要的立法蓝图。中国古代的法律文化在向邻国学习我们的法律时影响了近一千年,从《唐律疏议》到明代法律,不一而足。中华人民共和国成立前,中国已有五千年的辉煌历史,在繁荣时期积累了丰富的行政管理经验。因此,今天的法治社会主义国家建设可以利用这种取之不尽的资源和知识宝藏。综上所述,中国传统的法律文化,即中国古代的法律文化,内容十分丰富,积累了深厚的底蕴,至今仍具有重要的参考价值。
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