Acting within powers
- s.171 Companies Act 2006
Directors are also strictly charged to exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. For instance, were a director to issue a large number of new shares, not for the purposes of raising capital but to defeat a potential takeover bid, that would be an improper purpose.[7]
However, in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions that would otherwise fall foul of this principle. It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle should be capable of being abrogated in the company#39;s constitution.
Directors must exercise their powers for a proper purpose. While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident, such as a director looking to feather his or her own nest or divert an investment opportunity to a relative, such breaches usually involve a breach of the director#39;s duty to act in good faith. Greater difficulties arise where the director, while acting in good faith, is serving a purpose that is not regarded by the law as proper.
The seminal authority in relation to what amounts to a proper purpose is the Privy Council decision of Howard Smith Ltd v. Ampol Ltd.[8] The case concerned the power of the directors to issue new shares.[9] It was alleged that the directors had issued a large number of new shares purely to deprive a particular shareholder of his voting majority. The court rejected an argument that the power to issue shares could only be properly exercised to raise new capital as too narrow, and held that it would be a proper exercise of the director#39;s powers to issue shares to a larger company to ensure the financial stability of the company, or as part of an agreement to exploit mineral rights owned by the company.[10] If so, an incidental result (even desirable) that a shareholder lost his majority, or a takeover bid was defeated would not itself make the share issue improper. But if the sole purpose was to destroy a voting majority, or block a takeover bid, that would be an improper purpose.
Not all jurisdictions recognised the 'proper purpose' duty as separate from the 'good faith' duty however.[11]
Promoting company success
- s.172 Companies Act 2006, 'to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole'. It sets out six factors to which a director must have regards in fulfilling the duty to promote success. These are:
- the likely consequences of any decision in the long term
- the interests of the companyrsquo;s employees
- the need to foster the companyrsquo;s business relationships with suppliers, customers and others
- the impact of the companyrsquo;s operations on the community and the environment
- the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct, and
- the need to act fairly as between members of a company
This represents a considerable departure from the traditional notion that directors#39; duties are owed only to the company. Previously in the United Kingdom, under the Companies Act 1985, protections for non-member stakeholders were considerably more limited (see e.g., s.309, which permitted directors to take into account the interests of employees but that could be enforced only by the shareholders, and not by the employees themselves. The changes have therefore been the subject of some criticism.[12] Directors must act honestly and in bona fide. The test is a subjective one—the directors must act in 'good faith in what they consider—not what the court may consider—is in the interests of the company...' per Lord Greene MR.[13] However, the directors may still be held to have failed in this duty where they fail to direct their minds to the question of whether in fact a transaction was in the best interests of the company.[14]
Difficult questions arise when treating the company too abstractly. For example, it may benefit a corporate group as a whole for a company to guarantee the debts of a 'sister' company,[15] even if there is no 'benefit' to the company giving the guarantee. Similarly, conceptually at least, there is no benefit to a company in returning profits to shareholders by way of dividend. However, the more pragmatic approach illustrated in the Australian case of Mills v. Mills normally prevails:
'[directors are] not required by the law to live in an unreal region of detached altruism and to act in the vague mood of ideal abstraction from obvious facts which [sic] must be present to the mind of any honest and intelligent man when he exerci
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行使权力
公司法2006
然而,在许多司法管辖区内,公司的成员可以批准交易,否则这些交易将会违反这一原则。 在大多数司法管辖区,很大程度上也接受了这一原则应该能够在公司章程中被废除。
董事必须行使权力才能达到正确的目的。 虽然在许多情况下,不恰当的目的是显而易见的,例如董事寻找自己的巢穴或将投资机会转移给亲属,但这类违规行为通常涉及违反董事以诚信行事的义务。 董事在善意行事中服务于法律认为不适当的目的时会产生更大的困难。
关于什么达到正确目的的重要权威是枢密院决定霍华德史密斯有限公司诉Ampol有限公司.该案涉及董事发布新股的权力分享.据称,董事发布了大量新股,纯粹是为了剥夺特定股东的投票权。 法院驳回了一项论点,认为发行股票的权力只能适当行使,以增加新的资本太窄,并认为这是一个适当的行使董事权力发行股份给大公司,以确保金融稳定该公司或作为公司拥有的矿权的协议的一部分。如果是这样,一个股东失去大部分股份的偶然结果(甚至是可取的),或者一个收购出价被击败,本身不会使股票发行不当。 但是,如果唯一的目的是摧毁投票多数,或者阻止收购,这将是一个不恰当的目的。
然而,并非所有司法管辖区都承认“正当目的”责任与“诚信”责任是分开的。
促进公司成功
- s.172 公司法2006,“为了整个成员的利益而促进公司的成功”。 它列出了董事在履行促进成功义务时必须考虑的六个因素。
这些是:
- 长期任何决定的可能后果
- 公司员工的利益
- 需要促进公司与供应商,客户和其他人的业务关系
- 公司运营对社区和环境的影响
- 该公司在商业行为的高标准方面保持良好声誉的可取性,以及
- 在公司成员之间公平行事的必要性
这与传统观念相去甚远,即董事的职责只属于公司。 以前在英国,根据公司法1985,对非成员利益相关者的保护相当有限(见例如第309条,其允许董事考虑员工的利益,但只能由股东而不是由员工自己执行)。因此成为一些批评的主题。董事必须诚实诚实地行事。 该测试是一种主观的测试 - 董事必须采取“诚信在他们考虑的事情 - 不是法院可能考虑的事情 - 符合公司的利益......“每位格林爵士。然而,董事可能仍然被认为未能履行这项责任,因为他们未能指引他们的意见,即事实上交易是否符合公司的最佳利益。
当太抽象地对待公司时,会出现一些难题。 例如,它可能有利于整个公司集团为一家“姐妹”公司的债务提供担保,即使对提供担保的公司没有“利益”。 同样,至少在概念上,公司通过分红的方式为股东带来利润是没有好处的。 然而,澳大利亚的例子中所说的更实用的方法米尔斯诉米尔斯通常占上风:
“法律并不要求董事生活在一个不真实的孤立利他主义的地区,并且当理智抽象出任何明显的事实时[理性]必须呈现给任何诚实和聪明的人行使他作为董事的权力。
- Hutton诉西科克铁路公司(1883)23 Ch D 654,per鲍恩LJ,
“如果公司的花费是为了公司的经营活动的合理附带目的,那么这些公司就不是他们的,而是公司的,这是一般的学说,善意不能是唯一的考验,否则,你可能会有一个疯子来执行公司的事务,并且用完全合理但完全不合理的方式双手付款......这是董事们判断的,只要它是一个合理的偶然事件继续进行公司的业务......法律并没有说不应该有蛋糕和麦酒,但除了为了公司的利益所需之外,不得有蛋糕和麦酒。
- Boulting v电影摄影师协会,电视和相关技术员2 QB 606
独立判断
- “2006年公司法”
未经公司同意,董事不能束缚他们的公司慎重关于行使其权力,并且不能约束自己在未来的董事会会议上以特定的方式投票。即使没有不正确的动机或目的,也没有董事的个人优势。
然而,这并不意味着董事会不能同意公司达成一项将公司固定在某个课程上的合同,即使该课程中的某些行为需要董事会的进一步批准。 该公司仍然有约束力,但董事保留自行决定投票反对采取未来行动(尽管这可能涉及公司违反合同董事会此前批准)。
关心和技巧
主要文章:护理责任(商业协会)
传统上,董事必须证明的关怀和技能水平主要参照了非执行董事的框架。 在Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co [1925]第407章中,它以纯粹的主观条款表达,法院认为:
“一名董事在履行职责时不需要具有比他的知识和经验合理的预期更高的技能。”
然而,这一决定是基于当时在公司决策模式和股东有效控制方面盛行的旧观念(见上) 如果他们选择并容忍无能的决策者,他们就不应该诉诸诉讼。
然而,现在已经开发出更现代的方法,多尔切斯特金融有限公司诉Stebbing[1989]法院BCLC 498认为,公平火灾的规则只涉及技巧,而不是勤勉。 关于勤奋,所需要的是:
“像普通人一样的照顾可能会代表他自己。”
这是一个双重主观和客观的测试,并且故意在更高的层次上进行。
最近有人提出,应该客观和主观地评估技能和勤奋测试; 在英国,有关新董事职责的法定条款公司法2006已经在此基础上编纂而成。
忠诚和利益冲突
董事也有严格的职责,不允许任何利益冲突或与他们为公司最大利益行事的责任发生冲突。 这条规则被严格执行,即使在利益冲突或责任冲突纯粹是假设的情况下,董事也可能被迫放弃由此产生的所有个人利益。 在Aberdeen Ry诉Blaikie(1854)1 Macq HL 461克兰沃思勋爵在他的判决中指出,“法人团体只能由代理人行事,当然这些代理人有义务尽最大努力促进其所从事事务的公司的利益。这些代理人有责任履行受托人的义务对他们的主体而言,普遍适用的规则是,任何人不得履行其履行义务的义务,与他有或可能具有的个人利益相冲突或可能与他必须保护的那些人的利益......因此,严格遵守这一原则,不得就所订立的合同的公平性或不公平性提出......“
- “2006年公司法”
- 基奇诉桑福德(1726)Sel Cas。 Ch.61
- 富豪(黑斯廷斯)有限公司诉格列佛[1942]所有ER 378
- Cook v Deeks[1] AC 554
- 工业发展顾问有限公司诉Cooley [1972]
- 多尔切斯特金融有限公司诉Stebbing[1989] BCLC 498
- In Plus Group Ltd v Pyke
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