Profitability analysis of listed manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka:
An empirical investigation
Mrs Shanthini Gnanasooriyar
Lecturer in commerce, Advanced Technological Institute, Jaffna
Abstract
This paper is determine the profitability of 10 selected listed manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka over the period of 2008 to 2012, and the performance of thecompanies against four commonly used financial performance indicators: Gross profit (GR) ,Net profit (NP),Return onAssets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The results indicate that during this periodSri Lankan manufacturing companies were considerably more profitable in terms of GP and ROA but less profitable in terms of NP and ROE. A similar trend was observed when the profitability and equity ofcompanies were analyzed by industry. The results revealed that the profitability of manufacturing companies is less satisfactory. Based on the Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, Royal Ceramics Lanka Ltd is at first whereas ABANS Electrical Ltd is at first based on ROA andLanka Ceramic Ltd (CERA) is at first on ROE. Outcome of the study is beneficial to academicians, policy makers, practitioners and so on.
Keywords: Profitability, analysis, listed, manufacturing, companies, Sri, Lanka,
Introduction
Profit is an excess of revenues over associated expenses for an activity over a period of time. Lord Keynes remarked that lsquo;Profit is the engine that drives the business enterprisersquo;. Every business should earn sufficient profits to survive and grow over a long period of time. It is the index to the economic progress, improved national income and rising standard of living. Profit is the yardstick for judging not just the economic, but the managerial efficiency and social objectives also.
Profitability means ability to make profit from all the business activities of an organization, company, firm, or an enterprise. It shows how efficiently the management can make profit by using all the resources available in the market. According to Harwardamp; Upton, “profitability is the lsquo;the ability of a given investment to earn a return from its use.” However, the term lsquo;Profitabilityrsquo; is not synonymous to the term lsquo;Efficiencyrsquo;. Profitability is an index of efficiency; and is regarded as a measure of efficiency and management guide to greater efficiency.
lsquo;Profitrsquo; and lsquo;Profitabilityrsquo; are used interchangeably. Profit refers to the total income earned by the enterprise during the specified period of time, while profitability refers to the operating efficiency of the enterprise. It is the ability of the enterprise to make profit on sales. It is the ability of enterprise to get sufficient return on the capital and employees used in the business operation. As Weston and Brigham rightly notes “to the financial management profit is the test of efficiency and a measure of control, to the owners a measure of the worth of their investment, to the creditors the margin of safety, to the government a measure of taxable capacity and a basis of legislative action and to the country profit is an index of economic progress, national income generated and the rise in the standard of living”, while profitability is an outcome of profit. In other words, no profit drives towards profitability. Firms having same amount of profit may vary in terms of profitability. That is why R. S. Kulshrestha has rightly stated, “Profit in two separate business concern may be identical, yet, many a times, itusually happens that their profitability varies when measured in terms of size of investment”.
As manufacturing companies profitability is crucially important — as a main strategy for economic development — to any country adopting an export-oriented industrialization policy within an open economic environment. Sri Lanka has also made significant progress in its industrialization strategy through such a policy during the past three decades, it is important to examine how Sri Lankan manufacturing companies are performing when compared with their counterparts in a country that has achieved greater development in the manufacturing sector. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analysis the profitability of Sri Lankan manufacturing companies, measured in terms of company GP, NP, ROA, and the ROE – a country with a higher level of economic and industrial achievements in the past five decades. It is hoped that this study, while contributing to the literature, will also be useful to both economic planners and manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka. The paper is based on a study involving 10 selected manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka.
Literature View
Velnamby and Nimalathasan (2009) noticed the profitability will provide more accurate view of the firmrsquo;s performance. Pandy (1979) indicated that recent experience in countries with totally planned economies indicated that economists are probably right in emphasizing the importance of overall profitability as a criterion for the efficient operation of an enterprise.
Velnampy (2006) examined the financial position of the companies and the relationship between financial position and profitability with the sample of 25 public quoted companies in Sri Lanka by using the Altman Original Bankruptcy Forecasting Model. His findings suggest that, out of 25 companies only 4 companies are in the condition of going to bankrupt in the near future. He also found that, earning/total assets ratio, market value of total equity/book value of debt ratio and sales/total assets in times are the most significant ratios in determining the financial position of the quoted companies.
Velnampy (2013) in his study of corporate governance and firm performance” with the samples of 28 manufacturing companies using the data representing the periods of 2007 — 2011 found that determinants of corpo
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斯里兰卡制造业上市公司盈利能力分析:实证调查
摘要:
本文确定了斯里兰卡10家选定的上市制造公司在2008至2012年间的盈利能力,以及四项常用的财务业绩指标毛利润(GR)、净利润(NP)、资产回报率(ROA)和股本回报率(ROE)对公司业绩的影响。结果表明,在此期间,斯里兰卡的制造公司在GP和ROA方面盈利能力明显较高,但在NP和ROE方面盈利能力较差。当企业的盈利能力和股权按行业分析时,也观察到了类似的趋势。结果显示,制造业企业的盈利能力不尽如人意。斯里兰卡皇家陶瓷有限公司首先基于毛利率和净利润率,而阿班斯电气有限公司是以ROA为基础,兰卡陶瓷有限公司(CERA)以ROE为基础。研究结果对学者、决策者、从业人员等有一定的参考价值。
关键词:盈利能力分析,制造业上市公司,斯里兰卡
利润是一项活动在一段时间内的收入超过相关支出的部分。凯恩斯勋爵说:“利润是推动企业发展的引擎”。每个企业都要赚取足够的利润来获得较长一段时间的生存和成长。它是经济发展的指标,也是国民收入提高和生活水平提高的指标。利润不仅是判断经济效益的标准,也是衡量管理效率和社会目标的尺度。
盈利能力是指从一个组织、公司或企业的所有业务活动中获利的能力。它显示了管理人员如何有效地利用市场上所有可用的资源来获取利润。
根据Harward和Upton的说法,“盈利能力是指某项投资从其使用中获得回报的能力”。然而,“盈利能力”一词与“效率”这个词并不是同义词。盈利能力是衡量效率的指标,也被认为是提高效率的管理指南。
“利润”和“盈利能力”可以互换使用。利润是指企业在一定时期内获得的总收益,而盈利是指企业的经营效率。这是企业从销售中获利的能力。它是指企业在经营活动中所使用的资金和员工是否能够获得充分回报的能力。正如威斯顿和布里格姆正确地指出的那样:“对财务管理而言,利润是对效率和控制措施的检验,对所有者来说是其投资价值的一种衡量标准,对债权人来说是安全边际,对政府来说是一种衡量应纳税能力的标准和立法行动的基础,对国家来说是经济进步、国民收入产生、生活水平提高的指标”,而盈利是利润的结果。换句话说,没有利润驱动盈利。利润相同的公司可能在盈利方面有所不同。这就是为什么R.S.Kulshrestha正确地陈述道:“两家独立的企业的利润可能是相同的,然而,很多时候,它们的盈利能力通常都是不同的,在以投资规模来衡量时会发生变化”。
作为经济发展的一项主要战略,制造业企业的盈利能力对于任何一个在开放经济中采用以出口为导向的工业化政策的国家而言都至关重要。在过去三十年里,斯里兰卡通过这一政策在工业化战略上取得了重大进展。研究斯里兰卡制造业与在制造业取得更大发展的国家的同行相比表现如何十分重要。因此,本文的目的就是分析斯里兰卡这样一个在过去五十年间经济和工业成就较高的国家的制造业公司的盈利能力,以公司的GP、NP、ROA和ROE指标来衡量。希望这项研究在对文献作出贡献的同时,也将对斯里兰卡的经济规划者和制造公司有所帮助。这篇论文是基于一项涉及的研究。这篇论文是一项基于10家选定的斯里兰卡制造公司的研究。
文献综述
韦兰比和尼马拉塔桑(2009)注意到,盈利能力将更准确地反映公司的业绩。潘迪(1979)指出,最近在完全计划经济的国家的经验表明,经济学家强调整体盈利能力作为企业有效运作的标准的重要性可能是正确的。
Velnampy(2006)利用Altman原始破产预测模型对斯里兰卡25家上市公司的样本进行了公司财务状况以及财务状况与盈利能力之间的关系的研究。他的调查结果显示,在25家公司中,只有4家公司在不久的将来会破产。他还发现,收益/总资产比率、总股本/账面价值比率和销售额/总资产比率是确定上市公司财务状况最重要的比率。
Velnampy(2013)在他关于公司治理和公司绩效的研究中用2007-2011年期间的数据对28家制造公司的样本进行了研究,发现公司治理的决定因素与组织的绩效指标并不相关。回归模型表明,公司治理不影响公司的净资产收益率ROE,而资产回报率ROA揭示了公司治理指标与绩效指标无关。
Velnampy(2005)对斯里兰卡棕榈酒装瓶项目的投资评估和盈利能力进行了研究。他发现,项目的管理未能达到预算成果。即使净现值(NPV)、内部收益率(IRR)和效益成本比表明该项目是值得的。Velnampy的另一项研究(2005)在坎奇普兰现代碾米厂发现了相同的结果。
Farid(1980)发现,以投资回报率ROI和每股收益EPS衡量的盈利能力与债务比率所表示的资本结构呈负相关。
Abdorreze Asadi和Javad Baghaee Ravari(2009)认为,盈利能力与杠杆率之间存在显著的负相关关系。增长机会与杠杆率之间的关系呈显著正相关,有形与短期债务和总负债率呈显著负相关,而长期负债率则为正相关。
Keul Melinda,Drumeacristina(2009)得出的结论是,盈利能力与杠杆之间存在着负相关关系,因为杠杆程度会在金融债权人股东之间产生代理问题,在他们确定自己的经营风险、税收状况、财务灵活性和管理保守性或进取心方面。
Panayiotis P.Athanasoglou,Sphocles N.Brissimis,Matthaios D.delis(2005)提到,银行的规模、财务实力、所有权状况、经营范围、银行管理成本决策是影响银行盈利能力的主要因素。
研究目标
本研究的主要目的是确定制造公司的盈利能力。为了达到主要目的,为研究目的采取了以下具体目标。
·分析制造业上市公司的盈利能力。
·比较和确认上市制造公司的盈利能力。
研究内容和方法
研究范围
本研究的范围是斯里兰卡科伦坡证券交易所(CSE)上市的制造公司。37家公司制造业公司被列入上市清单。但是37家公司中我只选择了10家公司作为我的研究对象。
1.阿班斯电气有限公司(ABANS)
2.蓝宝石全球珠宝有限公司
3.锡兰谷物升降机有限公司(GRAN)
4.丹科图瓦陶瓷有限公司(DPL)
5.浸渍产品股份有限公司(DIPP)
6.Kelani轮胎有限公司(TIRE)
7.兰卡陶瓷有限公司(CERA)
8.帕尔凯(锡兰)有限公司(PARQ)
9.三森国际有限公司(SIL)
10.斯里兰卡皇家陶瓷有限公司(RCL)
数据来源
数据来源于二手资料,主要来自斯里兰卡科伦坡证券交易所为实现这一目标而发布的制造业公司财务报告。
研究指标
这些指标是用与盈利能力有关的二手数据来衡量的。根据Achchuthan, S.和Kajananthan, R.(2013),Kajananthan, R.(2012),VelnamPy,T.和Nimalathasan, B.(2007),Velnampy, T.(2005)以及Velnampy, T.(2013)等进行的各种研究,盈利能力指标在研究中考虑到了毛利率GPR、净利润率NPR、资产回报率ROA,股本回报率ROE。
结果与讨论
衡量制造业企业盈利能力的比较用重要比率。这些重要的比率是
毛利率
净利润率
资产收益率
资本权益报酬率
数据的可信度和有效性
研究使用二级数据或公司的研究(即损益表和资产负债表);就研究目的而言,这些数据可以被认为是可靠的。
毛利率GPR
毛利对任何企业都是非常重要的。毛利润率是可从净销售额中赚取的毛利比率。这就是销售和毛利之间的关系。它应该足以支付所有费用并提供利润。对毛利率(GP比率)的解释没有规范或标准。一般来说,更高的比率被认为是更好的。该比率可用于测试公司的状况,并与业内其他公司的比率相比。过去几年的毛利率表明情况有所改善。当将这一比率与在业内其他公司相比较时,分析人员必须看看他们是否使用相同的会计制度和做法。
它描述了一个企业的采购效率。毛利润率越高,企业的采购效率就越高,毛利与销售的比率高也是良好管理的标志,因为它意味着公司的生产成本相对较低。但低毛利率的关系绝对是一个危险信号。
表1选定公司毛利比率(%)
公司名称 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
总计 |
平均 |
标准差 |
阿班斯电气有限公司 |
11.31 |
11.83 |
13.78 |
12.26 |
13.40 |
62.58 |
12.516 |
0.93485 |
蓝宝石全球珠宝有限公司 |
35.82 |
29.39 |
15.91 |
39.79 |
25.49 |
146.4 |
29.28 |
8.323038 |
锡兰谷物升降机有限公司 |
4.97 |
6.59 |
7.73 |
5.09 |
1.66 |
26.04 |
5.208 |
2.045936 |
丹科图瓦陶瓷有限公司 |
24.00 |
23.36 |
12.81 |
18.75 |
15.25 |
94.17 |
18.834 |
4.388916 |
浸渍产品股份有限公司 |
19.25 |
15.58 |
27.02 |
0.87 |
63.84 |
126.56 |
25.312 |
21.05324 |
Kelani轮胎有限公司 |
16.46 |
16.56 |
20.93 |
16.09 |
18.56 |
88.6 |
17.72 |
1.822076 |
兰卡陶瓷有限公司 |
25.97 |
24.58 |
26.59 |
30.33 |
39.56 |
147.03 |
29.406 |
5.421876 |
帕尔凯(锡兰)有限公司 |
14.59 |
10.44 |
2.01 |
13.17 |
5.56 |
45.77 |
9.154 |
4.717748 |
三森国际有限公司 |
19.87 |
18.66 |
6.39 |
4.49 |
9.35 |
58.76 |
11.752 |
6.338449 |
斯里兰卡皇家陶瓷 有限公司 |
42.38 |
45.20 |
49.53 |
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