刊名 |
Economic Modelling |
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来源数据库 |
JOURNAL: Economic Modelling DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2017.11.016 YEAR:2018 PAGES:16-24 PUBLISHER: Elsevier B.V. |
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原始语种摘要 |
Stock options and restricted stock are the two main vehicles of equity-based compensation. In this paper, we analyze how different dividend treatment of stock options and restricted stock grants impacts stock price and the riskiness of the firm. We find that if a firmrsquo;s managerrsquo;s utility function includes contemporaneous dividends (as in the case of restricted stock grants), the manager increases the risk level of equity in order to maintain the preferred risk level of her utility function. Increased risk level negatively impacts stock price, ceteris paribus. However, the calibrated model reveals that the impacts are rather trivial, specifically, equity value is lower by 1.5% and leverage is greater by 4%. |
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关键词 |
Stock options; Restricted stock grants; Dividends; Firm value; |
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原始语种正文 节选 |
1. Introduction Equity-based compensation is used to align the interests between managers and shareholders. In recent years, the equity component (i.e., the mix of restricted stock and options) of the median chief executive officer (CEO) of all the ExecuComp firms is equal to around half of the total CEO pay (Murphy, 2013). In 2011, options accounted for 21% of Samp;P 500 CEOsrsquo; pay and the proportion of restricted stock increased to 36% (Murphy, 2013). Stock and options differ in several ways: costs to a firm, incentive structures, accounting treatment and tax implications, and dividend treatment. Previous studies have extensively analyzed the above-mentioned differences except for the last one.1 Despite the executive option grants are reduced significantly over the last decade (see, for example, Murphy (2013)), firms still grant them and, in our view, it is important to understand the different features and implications of stock options and restricted stock in order to properly design the executive remuneration contracts. This study fills the gap. In this paper, we isolate the different dividend treatment of stock options and restricted stock grants from other differences between stock options and restricted stock and analyze how it impacts the stock price and the riskiness of the firm. There is an extensive literature on how firm value and risk and are impacted by stock options and restricted stock grants. Agrawal and Mandelker (1987) report the positive relation between common stock and option holdings of managers and the riskiness of the firm measured by leverage and return variance. Mehran (1995) finds that Tobinrsquo;s q and return on assets both increase with the percentage of equity held by managers and with the percentage of their compensation that is equity-based. A more recent study by Habib and Ljungqvist (2005) finds that Tobinrsquo;s q is positively impacted by CEO stockholdings but negatively impacted by option holdings for the sample of US industrial firms during 1992–1997 period. They argue that CEOs were granted too few shares and too many stock options. Tian (2004) finds that granting more stock options creates greater incentives to increase stock price only if option wealth does not exceed a certain fraction of the total wealth. Additional options reduce incentives and become counterproductive. Further, Tian (2004) finds that stock options lead to lower idiosyncratic (risk and higher systematic risk. Similarly, Arm-strong and Vashishtha (2012) find that stock options help increase a firmrsquo;s total and systematic risks but have no impact on the firm specific risk. The authors argue that this might adversely affect firm values due to excessive systematic risk in equity markets. Lewellen (2006) reports that leverage is positively impacted by option ownership and negatively impacted by share ownership. Several recent theoretical studies analyze the optimal contracting and risk-taking incentives. Dittmann et al. (2017) argue that risk-averse firm managers should be provided both risk-taking and effort incentives. The authors illustrate that the inclusion of risk-taking incentives in the standard model leads to the significantly improved explanatory power of the model. Buchner and Wagner (2017) analyze the compensation structure of private equity fund managers. They find that risk-taking incentives depend on fund managersrsquo; individual skill levels and the availability of follow-on funds. If the latter are not available, the compensation contract leads to the excessive risk taking. However, if fund managers take consider fees from follow-on funds then skilled managers might even reduce fund risk. According to Citci and Inci (2016), the excessive risk taking of the firm manager might indicate aggressive compensation structure or managerrsquo;s incompetence. Low-ability manager can undertake risky projects with high probability of failure in order to camouflage his or her incompetence. If a project turns out to be not successful, then the failure would be explained by the high level of the projectrsquo;s risk but not by the incompetence of the manager. Several recent studies analyze the determinants of the optimal mix of restricted stocks and option grants. Core and Guay (1999) report that the optimal mix of incentives from stock and options – defined as the logarithm of the sensitivity of the total value of stock and options held 剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
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