温泉小镇的再造:维希的独特案例——副标题外文翻译资料

 2023-03-13 10:59:49

Reinventions of a spa town: the unique case of Vichy——副标题

原文作者 Bertram M. Gordon* 单位 Department of History, Mills College, Post Office Box 9962, Oakland, CA, USA

摘要：维希最初作为一个罗马村庄出现，随着帝国的消失而消失，后来重生为一个中世纪的要塞城镇。在中世纪和宗教战争之后，维希在17和18世纪作为水疗中心出现。在第二帝国和Belle Eacute;poque期间的城市现代化，连同商业和医疗利益对水疗的推广，推动它成为一个国际水疗旅游目的地。19世纪末和20世纪上半叶的访客通常是来自殖民地的法国军人和文职人员。1940年法国被德国击败后，维希成为菲利普·佩泰元帅(Marshal Philippe Peacute;tain)的通敌政府所在地。自战争以来，这座城市不得不克服其战时角色所带来的污名。然而，对其温泉旅游贸易更重要的是，帝国的终结，再加上医疗机构对水疗法的不信任，几乎枯竭了维希的温泉旅游。自那以后，该镇领导一直致力于通过建立体育和会议中心来重新定位旅游业。最重要的是，维希继续大量出口与其名称相关的矿泉水。

关键词：维希； 旅游； 特色小镇；温泉

作为法国乃至世界上最著名的温泉中心之一，维希与其他许多类似的旅游目的地一样，都有着悠久的历史，作为矿泉疗养地和社会排外者的聚集地，尽管在那里和其他地方有时会为穷人提供例外。当地警方在1842年和1843年向维希水疗中心提交的外地游客报告中列出了职业，报告显示，游客主要是中上阶层、军人和地主，其中大部分是男性然而，作为社会排外的中心和休闲场所，商业水疗中心往往吸引健康状况不佳的成年人，儿童很少使用。维希政府不止一次地改造自己，以及法国政府在这一过程中所扮演的角色，使其在温泉旅游发展方面的故事独一无二。本文主要关注维希的多重自我改造。它最初是中世纪的堡垒，然后在17和18世纪作为水疗中心出现。在19世纪和20世纪早期，维希成为国际知名的温泉疗养地和旅游目的地，获得了国际化的“小巴黎”的声誉。在这段历史之后，它又经历了长达50年的努力，在二战期间，它曾是法国政府的卖国者，更重要的是，在过去的半个世纪里，它的温泉旅游业衰落了。维希的水历史最持久的遗产可能是瓶装矿泉水，它继续向世界各地大量出口。

最早的温泉可以追溯到史前时代，包括到热泉或冷泉旅行，希望找到治疗某些疾病的方法。在法国和捷克共和国的温泉附近进行的考古调查发现了青铜时代的武器和祭品。温泉在古典时期就很有名，而在那不勒斯地区，温泉对富裕的罗马人来说是一种吸引人的地方。2从军事上很难防御温泉，因为它们不容易被城墙保护起来免受入侵者的攻击。水疗中心的顾客通常是年纪较大、身体虚弱的人，因为水疗中心历来吸引有疾病的人，所以也存在传染的问题。换句话说，温泉浴场不太可能获得凡尔赛聚会的全部社会声望。也许，从历史上看，人们也不愿与患有结核病或其他疾病的人交往，不管过去对传染病问题的理解有多不完善。

有几个因素有利于维希成为一个温泉胜地。由于维希位于法国中部而非南部，所以在17世纪和18世纪，巴黎地区的人们更容易到达维希。1676年，Madame de Seacute;vigne乘马车从巴黎到那里花了一个星期，这对她的一天来说不算长维希就在疟疾区以北，冬天经常结冰，足以杀死蚊子和其他害虫，不像艾克斯和南部的温泉。从亨利四世(Henri IV)开始，一直延续到1789年的大革命，波旁王朝统治下的法国是一个人口众多且相对稳定的国家，以维希(Vichy)为中心的法国是去温泉疗养的好地方。杜米迪运河(Canal du Midi)于17世纪晚期开通，从加斯科尼(Gascony)延伸至地中海，象征着法国政府对国内安宁和商业繁荣的承诺。在17世纪和18世纪，促进维希水疗中心发展的条件是布劳德勒年鉴学校加强了安全与旅行的联合。

从历史上看，温泉浴场的运作更像是疗养院，而不是昂贵的现代医院他们只需要一位常驻专家，他可能是水疗中心的老板，也可能是另一位有一些医学知识的客人。医生通常是像福楼拜在小说中虚构的包法利那样，一个没有医学学位的乡村医生(officer de sante，字面意思是“卫生官员”)。“健康官”的职位是由法国革命改革创造的，在平等主义的努力下，降低医生的社会地位，将他们与地位较低的外科医生和药剂师合并成一个普通的类别，称为“健康官”。这些官员中许多人缺乏正规的培训，他们经常在农村工作。这是这种类型的医生谁福楼拜描绘在查尔斯bull;包法利和可以说是组成的许多温泉在19世纪早期和中期France.33客户似乎范围从富人到适度的中产阶级,虽然已被证明,穷人没有excluded.34与现代医学实践,维希系统是相对廉价的城镇管理,特别是在一个操作让步被授予公司Fermie是Thermale“维希在1853.35公司成立于1862年,西蒙Genteur的支持,阿利埃河部门的长官,他写道:对于企业的成功的可能性,他们似乎我突出的情况下,目前的繁荣,每年的数量的去往[互不相识的)频繁的建立是越来越大,水的销售并没有停止增加。在我看来，这些情况是未来成功的重要因素。

从1861年开始的5年内，维希的夏季游客数量从16000人增长到21000人，到1866年，这个小镇已经成为了一个“夏日的可通行的巴黎”，用Mackaman的话来说，就像一个多世纪前的Luchet一样。正如Mackaman所写，19世纪下半叶，法国的水疗中心总体上吸引了越来越多的中产阶级客户。这些访客中有许多是对建立职业关系感兴趣的年轻男性，也有寻求社交联系和潜在婚姻伴侣的男性和女性，他们希望在一个比其他地方更宽松的环境中寻找伴侣。尽管没有统计数据来衡量在水疗中心和相关场所签订的婚姻，但莫里斯·冈塔德在他的19世纪历史中引用的几部文学作品中都出现了这个主题。例如，1851年创作的喜剧《心与嫁妆》(Le caelig;ur et Le dot)，故事发生在维希水疗中心，剧作家Feacute;licien Mallefille描述了一位寡妇来这里为她的孙女寻找丈夫，那里的富有悠闲的年轻男子在那里治病。在该剧的另一个场景中，查瓦罗先生是一位富有的鳏夫，他来到维希找妻子，在与那里的一位水疗医生的谈话中，他说得非常清楚正如Mackaman指出的那样，温泉公园的晚间音乐会和蜿蜒的小路尤其鼓励了可能导致浪漫的情感依恋。

维希作为一个旅游温泉中心的演变是非常独特的，无论是国家作为业主的持续角色，还是在19世纪和20世纪法国殖民社会场景中作为“首都”的功能，还是在第二次世界大战期间的政治角色。它的历史使人想起一个大小循环的布罗德尔过程，世界上的每个温泉都可能有自己的这些循环的变化然而，维希瓶装水的销售，以及该镇在其著名的温泉历史和与第二次世界大战的不那么著名的联系后，努力使其旅游业多样化，形成了温泉旅游业历史上的一个独特故事。

外文文献出处：Journal of Tourism History：Reinventions of a spa town: the unique case of Vichy

附外文文献原文

One of the best-known spa centres in France, and arguably in the world, Vichy shares with many other such tourist destinations a long history as a mineral bath health resort and gathering place for a socially exclusive clientele, although exceptions were sometimes made there and elsewhere for the poor. Local reports to the police of out-of-town visitors to Vichy spas in 1842 and 1843, which listed occupations, showed the visitors to have been largely of the upper middle classes, military men and landowners, a substantial majority being male.1 As centres of social exclusivity and places of relaxation, however, commercial spas often attracted an adult population in less than robust health and were rarely used by children. The ways in which Vichy has reinvented itself more than once, and the role of the French state in this process, make its story unique in the development of spa tourism. This article focuses on Vichyrsquo;s multiple reinventions of itself. It begins as a medieval fortress and then emerges as a spa centre during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Vichy becomes internationally known as a spa and tourist destination, acquiring the reputation of a cosmopolitan lsquo;little Parisrsquo;. This history is followed by a 50-year-long struggle to reinvent itself yet again after its role as seat of the collaborationist French Government during the Second World War and, even more importantly, the decline of spa tourism during the last half century. The most enduring legacy of Vichyrsquo;s watery past is likely to be its bottled mineral water, which it continues to export in large quantities worldwide.

The earliest spas, involving the practice of travelling to hot or cold springs in hopes of finding a cure for some ailment, date back to pre-historic times. Archaeological investigations near hot springs in France and the Czech Republic reveal Bronze Age weapons and offerings. Spas were known in classical antiquity and hot springs were an attraction in the Naples region for affluent Romans.2 They were difficult to defend militarily, as they could not be readily protected from invaders by walls. Spa clientele were often older vulnerable people and because they historically attracted people with illnesses, there was also the problem of contagion. A spa, in other words, is unlikely to acquire the full social cachet of a gathering at Versailles, for example. Possibly, there was also historically a reluctance to associate with people who had tuberculosis or other diseases, no matter how imperfectly the problem of contagion may have been understood in the past.

Several factors worked in favour of Vichy as a spa destination. Because of its location in Francersquo;s centre, rather than its south, Vichy was more readily accessible to people in the Pa

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附外文文献原文

One of the best-known spa centres in France, and arguably in the world, Vichy shares with many other such tourist destinations a long history as a mineral bath health resort and gathering place for a socially exclusive clientele, although exceptions were sometimes made there and elsewhere for the poor. Local reports to the police of out-of-town visitors to Vichy spas in 1842 and 1843, which listed occupations, showed the visitors to have been largely of the upper middle classes, military men and landowners, a substantial majority being male.1 As centres of social exclusivity and places of relaxation, however, commercial spas often attracted an adult population in less than robust health and were rarely used by children. The ways in which Vichy has reinvented itself more than once, and the role of the French state in this process, make its story unique in the development of spa tourism. This article focuses on Vichyrsquo;s multiple reinventions of itself. It begins as a medieval fortress and then emerges as a spa centre during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Vichy becomes internationally known as a spa and tourist destination, acquiring the reputation of a cosmopolitan lsquo;little Parisrsquo;. This history is followed by a 50-year-long struggle to reinvent itself yet again after its role as seat of the collaborationist French Government during the Second World War and, even more importantly, the decline of spa tourism during the last half century. The most enduring legacy of Vichyrsquo;s watery past is likely to be its bottled mineral water, which it continues to export in large quantities worldwide.

The earliest spas, involving the practice of travelling to hot or cold springs in hopes of finding a cure for some ailment, date back to pre-historic times. Archaeological investigations near hot springs in France and the Czech Republic reveal Bronze Age weapons and offerings. Spas were known in classical antiquity and hot springs were an attraction in the Naples region for affluent Romans.2 They were difficult to defend militarily, as they could not be readily protected from invaders by walls. Spa clientele were often older vulnerable people and because they historically attracted people with illnesses, there was also the problem of contagion. A spa, in other words, is unlikely to acquire the full social cachet of a gathering at Versailles, for example. Possibly, there was also historically a reluctance to associate with people who had tuberculosis or other diseases, no matter how imperfectly the problem of contagion may have been understood in the past.

Several factors worked in favour of Vichy as a spa destination. Because of its location in Francersquo;s centre, rather than its south, Vichy was more readily accessible to people in the Paris region with relatively easy access in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It took Madame de Seacute;vigneacute; a week to get there from Paris in her carriage in 1676, not an overly long journey for her day.30 Vichy is just north of the malaria zone, freezing frequently enough in winter to kill mosquitoes and other pests, unlike Aix and the spas of the south. France under the Bourbons, beginning with Henri IV and extending through the 1789 revolution, was a populous and relatively stable state, propitious for travelling to spas with Vichy at its centre. The Canal du Midi, opened in the late seventeenth century and extending from Gascony to the Mediterranean, symbolised the commitment of the French state to domestic tranquillity and commercial prosperity. Conditions facilitating the development of Vichy as a spa centre came together in a Braudelian Annales-school conjoncture of enhanced safety and travel in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Historically, spas operated more like rest homes than expensive modern hospitals.32 They required only a resident specialist who might be the spa owner or possibly another guest with some medical knowledge. Medical practitioners often functioned as did Flaubertrsquo;s fictional Charles Bovary, a country doctor [officier de santeacute;, literally lsquo;health officerrsquo;] who did not quite have a medical degree. The position of officier de santeacute; had been created by French Revolutionary reforms, which in an egalitarian effort to lessen the social status of physicians had merged them with lower status surgeons and pharmacists into a general category of officier de santeacute;. Many of these officiers de santeacute; lacked formal training and they often practiced in the countryside. It was this type of medical practitioner whom Flaubert depicted in Charles Bovary and who arguably staffed many of the spas in early and midnineteenth century France.33 The clientele appear to have ranged from the wealthy to the modest middle class, although, as has been shown, the poor were not excluded.34 Unlike modern medical practice, the Vichy system was relatively inexpensive to manage for the town, especially after an operating concession was granted to the Compagnie Fermie`re Thermale a` Vichy in 1853.35 The Company was incorporated in 1862 with the support of Simon Genteur, the Prefect of the Allier Department, who wrote: As for the chances of the success of the enterprise, they seem to me to stand out from the circumstances that up to the present it has been prosperous, that each year the numbers of out of towners [eacute;trangers] who frequent the establishment are larger and larger and that the sale of waters has not ceased to augment. These circumstances seem to me to be serious elements of a future success.

Within five years from 1861, Vichyrsquo;s summer visitor population had grown from 16,000 to 21,000 and by 1866 the town had become, in Mackamanrsquo;s words, echoing those of Luchet more than a century earlier, a lsquo;passable Paris in the summertimersquo;. As Mackaman writes, French spas in general drew an increasingly middle class clientele during the second half of the nineteenth century.

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