探讨工资满意度与工作满意度的关系:公共部门与私营部门组织的比较外文翻译资料

 2022-12-18 15:35:28

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALARY SATISFACTION AND JOB SATISFACTION: A COMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS

Muhammad Shahzad Chaudhrya Hazoor Muhammad Sabirb Nosheen Rafi Masood Nawaz Kalyarc

Abstract

The purpose of presented study is to develop a model that measures the degree of difference in salary satisfaction and its impact on job satisfaction in public sector organizations and private sector organizations in Pakistani context. Salary satisfaction affects job involvement, work inspiration, employee performance and motivation. The posited hypothesis is if there exists a significant difference in the degree of salary satisfaction in public sector and private sector organization, and the positive influence of salary satisfaction on job satisfaction in both public and private sectors. Data was collated from 160 employees (total 320) from each sector organizations. Z- test was used to analyze the degree of difference between salary satisfactions in both sectors, although its relation with job satisfaction was measured by regression analysis. The findings indicate that employees in public sector organizations have little higher salary satisfaction as compared to private sector employees. Moreover, salary satisfaction is also positively related with job satisfaction in bothcases. Furthermost, salary satisfaction proved as a facilitator designed for augmenting job satisfaction level of employees.

Key Words: Salary satisfaction, Job satisfaction, public and private sector, Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

Salary or pay is a form of episodic compensation from a firm to its worker, which is completely stated in an employment contract. It is weighed with piece wages, where each job, period of job (timings) or other unit is paid distinctly, rather than on a periodic basis. Pay is perhaps striking good to most individuals because it offers them a corresponding level of purchasing power. While running a business, salary can also be considered as the cost of gaining human resources for running systems and operations, and they are designated at different position and employer bear personnel disbursement or salary expense. Wage, salary or pay is considered a significant reward to motivate the workers and their behavior towards the goals of employer (Oshagbemi, 2000). All other social factors are important for enhancing and to make job satisfactory for employees are significant but satisfaction from pay is must. Pay gratification be liable to the adjustment between real pay and the amount of pay, a person received from his/her employer. Salary gratification is an abundant narrower construct than job satisfaction. The pleasure from pay satisfaction is also an important thing that is linked to some administrative outcomes and success. For example, some evidence proposes that dissatisfaction with pay can lead employee to decreased job satisfaction, decreased interest of working, and decreased the learning level of employees, motivation and performance, increased absenteeism and turnover, and more pay-related grievances. It is also extensively studied that pay satisfaction positively influence overall job contentment, motivation and enactment, performance, and lead to less absenteeism and turnover behaviorsof employee (Judge, Cable, amp; Higgins, 2000). As studied by Sweet, Nelson, and Moberg (2006), there is positive influence of pay satisfaction on job satisfaction and it can obviously observe in every field of life. Sweet et al. (2006) critically examined that the employee satisfaction level has little relationship to income and is similar across most variables for example working environment, professional uniqueness, amount of scientific activity in work, whereas income gratification showed stronger association to real income, at least at the higher income ranks. They also originate that the association between job satisfaction and pay satisfaction is high, whereas job satisfaction is not connected with years as employed. The customary rational of not relating monetary reward with the contentment is lessening. In fact, these days‟ acquisitiveness and materialism is becoming key factor of inspiring and motivating persons. Cummins (2002) has critically discussed that in spite of the conservative wisdom that bdquo;bdquo;monetary rewards have little significance to happiness”. Diener and Seligman (2004) studied the applicable literature and determined that as a culture gathers wealth, bdquo;bdquo;differences and modifications in wellbeing are less often due to income, and are more often due to factors such as people‟s social relationships and pleasure at work place”. It has been observed that constancy in pay in terms of getting monthly pay is much desired by the personnel as compared to enticement based salary packages which are adjustable in nature. Diener and Seligman (2004) specified that with the much inferior income, job contentment and income satisfaction are slightly higher. The sales people salaried through mostly fixed salary exhibit higher levels of job satisfaction and lesser turnover intentions than their colleagues who are paid through mostly enticement pay are at dissatisfactory behaviors about their job. In the wider logic it might be possible that pay satisfaction and job satisfaction usually balancing to each other. Rice, Phillips, and McFarlin (1990) identified that several job satisfaction measures including pay satisfaction (typically pay level satisfaction) as a measurement, we control for job satisfaction using a worldwide measure which blows the extent to which contributors like their job and the organization. Carraher, Carraher, and Whitely (2003) exemplary proposed that job satisfaction highly influence pay satisfaction comprising actual salary satisfaction level and job satisfaction significantly augmented modification for each measurement of pay satisfaction. S

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探讨工资满意度与工作满意度的关系:公共部门与私营部门组织的比较

Muhammad Shahzad Chaudhrya Hazoor Muhammad Sabirb Nosheen Rafi Masood Nawaz Kalyarc

摘要:本研究的目的是建立一个模型,以衡量巴基斯坦公共部门组织和私营部门组织中薪酬满意度的差异程度及其对工作满意度的影响。薪酬满意度影响工作投入、工作激励、员工绩效和激励。假设公共部门和私营部门组织的薪酬满意度是否存在显著差异,以及薪酬满意度对公共部门和私营部门工作满意度的正向影响。数据来自每个部门组织的160名员工(共320名)。采用Z检验分析两部门的薪酬满意度差异程度,回归分析其与工作满意度的关系。调查结果表明,与私营部门员工相比,公共部门员工的薪酬满意度并不高。此外,在这两种情况下,工资满意度也与工作满意度呈正相关。此外,薪酬满意度被证明是一个促进因素,旨在提高员工的工作满意度水平。

关键词:工资满意度,工作满意度,公共和私营部门,巴基斯坦

介绍

工资或工资是企业对员工的一种阶段性补偿形式,在雇佣合同中有完整的规定。它是用计件工资来衡量的,其中每个工作、工作期间(计时)或其他单位的工资是明确的,而不是定期支付的。对大多数人来说,薪酬可能是惊人的好,因为它为他们提供了相应水平的购买力。在经营企业的过程中,工资也可以看作是为经营系统和经营活动获取人力资源的成本,它们被分配在不同的岗位上,由用人单位承担人员支出或工资费用。工资,工资或工资被认为是一个重要的奖励,以激励工人和他们的行为朝着雇主的目标(Oshagbemi, 2000)。所有其他社会因素对提高员工的工作满意度都很重要,但薪酬满意度是必须的。薪酬满足感是指一个人从他/她的雇主那里得到的实际薪酬与薪酬金额之间的调整。薪酬满足是一个比工作满意度更为狭义的概念。薪酬满足感也是一个重要的因素,它与一些行政成果和成功有关。例如,有证据表明,对薪酬的不满会导致员工对工作的满意度下降,工作兴趣下降,员工的学习水平下降,动机和绩效下降,旷工和离职增加,以及更多与薪酬相关的不满。薪酬满意度对员工的总体工作满意度、工作动机和执行力、工作绩效都有正向影响,并能减少员工的旷工和离职行为(Judge, Cable, amp; Higgins, 2000)。Sweet、Nelson和Moberg(2006)研究表明,薪酬满意度对工作满意度有正向影响,在生活的各个领域都可以明显观察到。Sweet等人(2006)仔细研究了员工满意度与收入之间的关系,发现员工满意度与收入之间的关系很小,而且在工作环境、职业独特性、工作中的科学活动数量等大多数变量上都是相似的,而收入满意度与实际收入之间的关系更强,至少在收入较高的阶层是这样。他们还提出,工作满意度和薪酬满意度之间的关系很高,而工作满意度与工作年限无关。不把金钱奖励与满足感联系起来的习惯性理性正在减少。事实上,现在“占有欲和物质主义正成为激励和激励人们的关键因素。”康明斯(2002)批判地讨论了尽管保守的智慧“金钱奖励对幸福没有什么意义”。迪纳和塞利格曼(2004)研究了相关文献,确定当一种文化积累财富时,“幸福感的差异和改变往往较少由收入决定,而更多地由人们的社会关系和工作场所的快乐等因素决定”。据观察,相对于本质上可调整的以诱惑为基础的薪金包,工作人员更希望每月工资的稳定性。Diener和Seligman(2004)明确指出,收入越低,工作满意度和收入满意度越高。销售人员大部分时间领工资固定工资的员工对工作的满意度较高,离职意愿较低,而那些主要通过诱人薪酬获得报酬的员工对工作表现不满意。从更广泛的逻辑来看,薪酬满意度和工作满意度可能会相互平衡。Rice、Phillips和McFarlin(1990)发现,包括薪酬满意度(通常是薪酬水平满意度)在内的几个工作满意度测量方法是一种测量方法,我们使用一种全球性的测量方法来控制工作满意度,这种方法会影响贡献者对其工作和组织的喜爱程度。Carraher, Carraher, and wh(2003)示范性地提出,工作满意度对薪酬满意度影响很大,包括实际薪酬满意度和工作满意度。与情感无关,与薪酬相关的满意感可以从个体的思维优雅性来解释。合理的薪酬结构方法似乎是影响员工薪酬满意度的一个重要因素。普里查德(1969)提出,与那些把自己与他人联系起来创造相同或更少的钱的工人相比,那些认为自己与他人创造的钱不同的工人对自己的工资更不满意。LawlerHI(1985)提出,期望在未来获得更高金钱回报的个人对当前的薪酬不那么满意。Frey和Feld(2002)在他们的经验指示中进行了模拟,经济学家报告称,在一个组织的成功中,薪酬满意度是更重要的成功因素。例如,McCausland, Pouliakas和Theodossiou(2005)对一家公司(Safelite Glass Company)的研究显示,激励薪酬对效率有重大的正面影响(在44%的增幅范围内),该公司(Safelite Glass Company)的薪酬计划发生了变化。然而,经济学家可能认识到了诱惑的短期福利,以及心理学家假设的对动机和工作满意度的任何长期不良影响。Judge et al.(2000)发现,如果工作有用性既取决于工资水平,也取决于相对于某种情况或客观水平的工资水平,那么激励性工资通过这两种行为过程对工作满意度都有显著的情感影响。员工对工作的态度,以及对工作的态度,都是由员工的表现和行为所产生的奖励所形成的,这些奖励本身就是有价值的结果。本研究的目的是提高企业的薪酬满意度。在工作满意度、工作动机、员工流失率和缺勤率之间的关系。

理论背景

薪酬满意度

薪酬固然重要,但个人对薪酬的意识更为重要。与消极情感的人相比,积极关注的人似乎对付出更满意。Organ(1994)认为,工作满意度的关键因素是积极情感和消极情感。但是那些在消极情感上有非凡表现的人是紧张和焦虑的(情绪状态可能表明一个焦虑的个性),但这并不意味着全面的不愉快。高消极情感的人可能对他们的工作特点不满意,但这并不意味着他们会对他们的薪水更失望。组织占有也是决定员工薪酬满意度和满意度的一个重要因素。Solomon(1986)认为,公共部门高管的工作强度和薪酬满意度较低。员工的低绩效可能是对工资满意度低的结果。薪酬激励计划是另一种衡量薪酬满意度的方法。在现代,公共和私人行政部门仍然有一种累积趋势,即执行更多的富有灵感和创造性的工资诱惑程序,例如集体奖励和利润分配计划。Carrell和Dittrich(1978)也指出,使用许多分配规则的激励计划将朝着不同程度的薪酬满意度发展。因此,预期分配公平会影响对激励计划的满意度。为了使薪酬满意和工作满意,组织必须鼓励对绩效薪酬的感知策略。绩效薪酬观对薪酬满意度具有正向的激励作用。Omar和Ogenyi(2006)观察到,感知到的薪酬与绩效之间的关联比整个人口统计学变量加在一起更能解释薪酬满意度的额外变化。因此,实行绩效工资制度可能是提高薪酬水平满意度的最有效方法。根据Clark和Oswald(2002)的研究,基于绩效的奖励,包括加薪和奖金,绝对会影响薪酬体系的反应。因此,他们建议“建立绩效工资制度可能是鼓励薪酬满意度的最积极方式”。正如LawlerHI(1985)所预测的那样,定期的薪酬满意度和薪酬愉悦感在一个积极的过程中共同变化,帮助人们将思维转向积极或积极的方向。绩效与薪酬满意度之间的关系也很重要。在劳勒模型预测的方向上,表面绩效、对管理的敏锐程度、机会的发展、公司的福利包、外部和内部的薪酬公平性与薪酬满意度相关。宣称的分配公平与激励政策带来的快乐有信心相关。分配完整性是一个感知变量,已被发现是一个强大的解释薪酬满意度(Fong, Shaffer, amp; Centre, 2001)。程序公平感是衡量薪酬满意度的一个积极指标。分配公平和程序公平也是影响员工加薪/管理满意度的重要因素。此外,这与其他勘探结果类似(Munro amp; Sugden, 2003)。McFarlin和Sweeney(1992)发现,对于薪酬水平满意度而言,分配公平比技术公平更重要。Markova和Jones(2003)发现,薪酬决定政策和程序的公平感是四组薪酬过程(薪酬决定、绩效评估、沟通和上诉)中对薪酬满意度最坚定的分析。员工感知的交互公正性对激励计划的薪酬满意度和满意度有正向影响。Flaherty和Pappas(2002)批判性地探索了固定工资下员工的满意度较低,离职意愿较高,而销售人员在获得激励时满意度较高,离职意愿较低。此外,在整个建立阶段,与在竞争对手公司工作的人员相比,在遵循探矿者或分析者政策的公司工作的销售人员指定了更高的满意度,而不是更低的营业额目标。Flaherty和Pappas(2002)同样描述了在整个考虑阶段,销售人员主要通过长期收入来获得报酬,他们的工作满意度比那些主要通过激励或诱惑薪酬来获得报酬的同事更高,而且离职目标更低。薪酬满意度也取决于员工对工作安全的意愿。追求安全的人比追求加薪的人对工作更满意。Kathawala, Moore, and Elmuti(1990)提出了一种增加工资满意度而不是增加工作安全感的倾向。支持增加工资满意度的个体对目前的工资满意度和对工作的总体满意度的满意度较低。支持增加安全性的人将安全性(大于工资满意度)归类为满意度,而不是激励因素。那些支持加薪的人将高于工作安全的薪酬划分为激励因素和满足因素。如果工作环境不干净、不适合员工,似乎存在着最糟糕的体面的薪酬和补偿方案。所以,有了工资,一个组织必须提供有活力的工作条件。Bockerman和Ilmakunnas(2006)提出,逆向工作环境在决定个人收入时必须具有实际的轻微特征。相反,相反的就业条件大大降低了工作场所的工作满意度和薪酬公平的敏感性。这一指示表示反对补偿工资差异的存在,但它是可靠的,因为芬兰劳动力市场的目的是非竞争性的。

薪酬满意度是工作满意度的前提

教育与薪酬满意度的关系在许多学术著作中都有发现。根据Ganguli(1957)的研究,在教育和薪酬满意度的关系中,复杂的动态可能在许多其他满意度领域发挥作用。对工资的满意可能与人口统计数据有法律关系,因此可以从组织战略中预测,也可能由组织战略决定。高薪的经理和高级管理人员似乎对他们的薪水很满意。例如,安德鲁斯和亨利(1963)必须首先指出,高等教育似乎与对薪资的低满意度相伴而生。薪酬的组织水平和数量与管理者对薪酬的满意度有关。Klein和Maher(1966)指出:“受过高等教育的高层管理人员对他们的薪水满意度较低。Klein和Maher(1966)分析了有文化的机构员工必须比没有文化的员工对自己的薪酬满意度表现出更多的负面情绪。他们的动机是建立在这样一种理念之上的,即接受高等教育可以提高一个人的自我评价,从而为他们提供线索,让他们对复杂的前景产生情感,从而获得满意的薪酬机会。这进而会导致上级对薪酬的满意和不满。”McCausland等人(2005)发现,尽管与其他薪酬安排相比,接受绩效相关薪酬的员工对工作的预期满意度较低,但绩效相关薪酬对高薪酬员工的平均工作满意度有正向影响。对这种结构的一个可能的启示可能是,对于低收入者而言,与绩效相关的薪酬显然是监管性的,而高收入员工则从他们所估计的同情报酬安排中获得了autility的好处。霍尔姆斯特罗姆(1979)是建立绩效工资相对于其他奖励制度的理论优势的主要学者之一,在这种情况下,监控员工的力量是昂贵且有缺陷的。Pouliakas和Theodossiou(2009)的研究表明,绩效挂钩薪酬和非绩效挂钩薪酬员工的工作满意度的一个重要变化,一旦修正为工作满意度、诱惑与薪酬之间的瞬时关系。同样,工作投入是一种对自己的工作进行任命的情况,根据自己的工作进行分类,并将工作视为对自己的独特性和自尊起主导作用的情况,与孤立或无关紧要的想法不均衡地相反(Fisher, 2010)。一些社会研究人员发现,年龄和资历与薪资满意度有关。经验表明,年龄和资历与薪酬满意度有显著的相关性。Lawler III和Porter(1967)设计了条纹或线/员工类型的职位、资历、职位期限、业务或组织规模和年龄与工资之间的关系,但在统计学上并不重要。年龄和资历也是真实工资的良好预测因素。年龄和资历决定了更好地制定工作的主要因素,因此,年龄和工资、资历和工资之间的关联必然是模仿行政部门追求卓越的事实。真实工资是唯一一个开始与对工资的满意度同等相关的人口统计学变量。即将到来的预期收入可能是一个积极的指标,简化为对他们现有工资的评估。安德鲁斯和亨利(1963)提出,那些认为将来有更好的机会在目前的职业上赚更多钱的人,也比较满意他们目前的薪金结构点,包括内部评估和外部评估。看来,对我国人民来说,对工资的满意程度不能完全由对同一工作的未来预测所决定,然而,对工资满意程度的物质表现出来,会使现有的满意程度大打折扣。享受高薪的员工更有可能将诱惑报酬视为支持性的。根据马斯洛(1943)需求层次理论,额外收入有助于满足自尊需求,因为高工资意味着高能力和整体个人价值。因此,即使在基本生理和安全需求没有得到满足之后,仍有一些人将高薪作为熟练程度和个人价值的指标(Malka amp; Chatman, 2003)。绩效工资是评估,因为它是有问题的定量测量,它可以鼓励个人强调太勉强,它可以削弱内在利益,金钱奖励仅为选定的人,工作,团队合作和合作是有害的,一般支付成本高涨之前如果没有强烈的测量(阿姆斯特朗amp; Murlis, 2005)。Boselie, Paauwe, and Jansen(2001)指出绩效薪酬必须是行政部门提高绩效的一个重要工具,但他们强调一定的情况必须发生才能成功。这些要求是为了鼓励人们相信业绩会产生变化,并且必须根据所有组织的情况修改薪酬结构。与普遍支持不同的是,他们还建议,薪酬和业绩必须松散地结合起来,他们辩称,这种联系越紧密,问题就被夸大得越多。它决定了巴基斯坦公共部门和私营部门组织的薪酬满意度的不同程度,以及薪酬满意度在多大程度上提高了巴基

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