Telemarketing
Telemarketing (sometimes known as inside sales, or telesales in the UK and Ireland) is a method of direct marketing in which a salesperson solicits prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face or Web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call. Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing.
1．History
The term telemarketing was first used extensively in the late 1970s to describe Bell System communications which related to new uses for the outbound WATS and inbound Toll-free services.
1.1 Telephonists
The rise of telemarketing can be traced back to the 19th century telephonists, or switchboard operators. Trans-cultural hiring of switchboard operators (mostly women) became especially popular in North America throughout the 20th century, partially due to popularity gained through advertising. After the shift from public switched telephone network to computer-based electronic switching system, the job of switchboard operators gradually diminished. However, with the rise of advertising and with the popularity of the telephone use, new jobs, including telemarketing jobs, were created.
1.2 Women in telemarketing
Telemarketing, as it was the case with telephone operators, is one of the fields known to be occupied mostly by women. The central reason for hiring women operators lay in the fact that womens work was considered a form of cheap labor: female telemarketers earned about one-half to one-quarter of mens wages. It was also highlighted, however, that women were more polite and well mannered than male operators. Moreover, the calming, more delicate nature of a womans voice was considered to be womens natural quality, although no scientific evidence supports this statement. This naturalization led to normalizing the perception of women as telephone operators and consultants, which is currently reflected in the telemarketing industry.
2．Categories
The two major categories of telemarketing are business-to-business and business-to-consumer.
2.1 Subcategories
Lead generation, the gathering of information and contacts
Sales, using persuasion to sell a product or service
Outbound, proactive marketing in which prospective and preexisting customers are contacted directly
Inbound, reception of incoming orders and requests for information. Demand is generally created by advertising, publicity, or the efforts of outside salespeople.
3． Procedure
Telemarketing may be done from a company office, from a call center, or from home. It may involve a live operator voice broadcasting which is most frequently associated with political messages.
An effective telemarketing process often involves two or more calls. The first call determines the customerrsquo;s needs. The final call motivates the customer to make a purchase. Prospective customers are identified by various means, including past purchase history, previous requests for information, credit limit, competition entry forms, and application forms. Names may also be purchased from another companys consumer database or obtained from a telephone directory or another public list. The qualification process is intended to determine which customers are most likely to purchase the product or service.
Charitable organizations, alumni associations, and political parties often use telemarketing to solicit donations. Marketing research companies use telemarketing techniques to survey the prospective or past customers of a clientrsquo;s business in order to assess market acceptance of or satisfaction with a particular product, service, brand, or company. Public opinion polls are conducted in a similar manner.
Telemarketing techniques are also applied to other forms of electronic marketing using e-mail or fax messages, in which case they are frequently considered spam by receivers.
4． Negative perceptions and criticism
Telemarketing has been negatively associated with various scams and frauds, such as pyramid schemes, and with deceptively overpriced products and services. Fraudulent telemarketing companies are frequently referred to as 'telemarketing boiler rooms' or simply 'boiler rooms'. Telemarketing is often criticized as an unethical business practice due to the perception of high-pressure sales techniques during unsolicited calls. Telemarketers marketing telephone companies may participate in telephone slamming, the practice of switching a customers telephone service without their knowledge or authorization.
Telemarketing calls are often considered an annoyance, especially when they occur during the dinner hour, early in the morning, or late in the evening. Some companies have capitalized on these negative emotions. Since 2007 several forums have sprouted and act as complaint boards where consumers can voice their concerns and criticism. In response some telemarketing companies have filed lawsuits against these portals. The current legal system in the U.S grants such forums a certain degree of protection through 'Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S.C 230' and Californias Anti-SLAPP law.
4.1 Robotic telemarketing
A recent trend in telemarketing is to use robocalls: automated telephone calls that use both computerized autodialers and computer-delivered pre-recorded messages in a sales pitch. Some can simulate a personalized phone call through personalized pre-recorded messages. These calls often include intentionally deceptive tactics, with computer recorded messages saying things like 'Dont panic but this is your final notice' or 'We have already attempted to contact you through the mail.' The messages are often outright lies, intended
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电话营销
电话营销（有时被称为内部销售，在英国和爱尔兰被称为电话销售）是一种营销员直接征求潜在客户购买产品或服务的方法，无论是通过电话或面对面或网络会议的后续任命再打电话预定。电话还包括记录销售程序来打电话，可以自动拨号。
1.历史
电话营销是第一个广泛使用的术语在20世纪70年代末描述贝尔系统通信相关的新用途和出入境的免费服务。
1.1话务员
The rise of telemarketing can be traced back to the 19th century telephonists, or switchboard operators. Trans-cultural hiring of switchboard operators (mostly women) became especially popular in North America throughout the 20th century, partially due to popularity gained through advertising.[2] After the shift from public switched telephone network to computer-based electronic switching system, the job of switchboard operators gradually diminished. However, with the rise of advertising and with the popularity of the telephone use, new jobs, including telemarketing jobs, were created.
电话营销的兴起可以追溯到第十九世纪的话务员，或电话总机。在二十世纪，由于部分通话广告的普及，总机接线员招聘的跨文化（主要是女性）在美国北部变得非常流行。从公共交换电话网络开始，以计算机为基础的电子交换系统的转变后，电话总机的工作逐渐减少。然而，随着广告业的崛起和电话的普及使用，新兴工作出现了，包括电话销售工作。
1.2妇女在电话营销
Telemarketing, as it was the case with telephone operators, is one of the fields known to be occupied mostly by women. The central reason for hiring women operators lay in the fact that womens work was considered a form of cheap labor: female telemarketers earned about one-half to one-quarter of mens wages. It was also highlighted, however, that women were more polite and well mannered than male operators. Moreover, the calming, more delicate nature of a womans voice was considered to be womens natural quality, although no scientific evidence supports this statement. This naturalization led to normalizing the perception of women as telephone operators and consultants, which is currently reflected in the telemarketing industry.
电话营销，由于它是用电话进行运营的，是一个主要由女性占据主导地位的已知领域。运营商雇用妇女的核心原因在于妇女工作视为一种廉价的劳动力：女性比男性更多的操作，彬彬有礼，女推销员能够赢得大约一半的男性工资的四分之一。此外，一个女人平静的声音更微妙的性质被认为是女性的自然质量，虽然没有科学证据支持这种说法。这个入籍LED规范女性电话运营商和顾问的感知，是目前反映在电话行销产业。
2．类别
The two major categories of telemarketing are business-to-business and business-to-consumer.
电话营销主要有两类：企业对企业和企业对消费者。
2.1子类
Lead generation, the gathering of information and contacts
第一代，信息和联系人信息的收集
Sales, using persuasion to sell a product or service
销售，以说服来销售产品或服务
Outbound, proactive marketing in which prospective and preexisting customers are contacted directly
出境，主动营销，前瞻性和原有的客户直接接触
Inbound, reception of incoming orders and requests for information. Demand is generally created by advertising, publicity, or the efforts of outside salespeople.
入境，订单接收信息请求。需求一般是通过广告，宣传创建，或外部销售人员的努力。
3.程序
Telemarketing may be done from a company office, from a call center, or from home. It may involve a live operator voice broadcasting which is most frequently associated with political messages.
电话营销可以从坐在一个公司的办公室，一个呼叫中心，或家里。这些可能涉及一个接线员的声音广播是最经常与政治关联的信息。
An effective telemarketing process often involves two or more calls. The first call (or series of calls) determines the customerrsquo;s needs. The final call (or series of calls) motivates the customer to make a purchase. Prospective customers are identified by various means, including past purchase history, previous requests for information, credit limit, competition entry forms, and application forms. Names may also be purchased from another companys consumer database or obtained from a telephone directory or another public list. The qualification process is intended to determine which customers are most likely to purchase the product or service.
一个有效的电话营销的过程中往往涉及两个或两个以上的电话。第一个电话确定客户的需求。最后的电话促使顾客购买。潜在客户通过各种手段鉴定，包括过去的购买历史，以前的信息请求，信用额度，参赛表格，表格和申请。名字还可以从电话簿或其他公共列表中获得的另一个公司的消费者数据库或购买。资格审查程序的目的是确定哪些客户最有可能购买的产品或服务。
Charitable organizations, alumni associations, and political parties often use telemarketing to solicit donations. Marketing research companies use telemarketing techniques to survey the prospective or past customers of a clientrsquo;s business in order to assess market acceptance of or satisfaction with a particular product, service, brand, or company. Public opinion polls are conducted in a similar manner.
慈善组织，校友会，与政党经常使用电话募捐。市场研究公司使用的电话技术，以评估一个特定产品，服务，品牌的市场接受或满意客户的业务的未来或过去的客户调查，或公司。民意调查是以类似的方式进行。
Telemarketing techniques are also applied to other forms of electronic marketing using e-mail or fax messages, in which case they are frequently considered spam by receivers.
电话营销的技术也适用于其他形式的使用电子邮件或传真，电子营销，在这种情况下，他们经常通过接收机视为垃圾邮件。
4.负面的看法和批评
Telemarketing has been negatively associated with various scams and frauds, such as pyramid schemes, and with deceptively overpriced products and services. Fraudulent telemarketing companies are frequently referred to as 'telemarketing boiler rooms' or simply 'boiler rooms'. Telemarketing is often criticized as an unethical business practice due to the perception of high-pressure sales techniques during unsolicited calls. Telemarketers marketing telephone companies may participate in telephone slamming, the practice of switching a customers telephone service without their knowledge or authorization.
电话已与各种诈骗和欺诈行为相关，如传销，和一些看似价格过高的产品和服务。诈骗电话营销公司经常被称为“电话销售锅炉房”或简单的“锅炉房”。 由于高压销售技巧的知觉中不请自来的电话，电话营销经常被批评为不道德的商业实践。电话销售公司可以参与电话砰击，没有知识或授权开关顾客的电话服务的实践。
Telemarketing calls are often considered an annoyance, especially when they occur during the dinner hour, early in the morning, or late in the evening. Some companies have capitalized on these negative emotions. Since 2007 several forums have sprouted and act as complaint boards where consumers can voice their concerns and criticism. In response some telemarketing companies have filed lawsuits against these portals. The current legal system in the U.S grants such forums a certain degree of protection through 'Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S.C 230' and Californias Anti-SLAPP law.
电话营销经常被认为是一种烦恼，尤其是当他们出现在晚宴小时，清晨或
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