The credit problems in the development of e-commerce and the construction of credit system
1.The major problems exited in e-commerce
①The poor social credit sense restricted by the traditional economic sense
The restrict from the traditional economic sense contributes to the weak sense of social credit.
the market economy of China transits from planning economy and the credit rules closely linked to the market economy is still not mature. So the randomness of market behavior is big. Many corporations is not honest enough.In the real society, counterfeit and shoddy products,false advertising and the lack of managersrsquo; honesty are everywhere. While e-commerce is a trade mode without facing each other,which is more difficult to get the approve from customers. And the concept that all business people are profiteers is deep-rooted. More precaution than credibility between corporations, corporation and customers is the mental barrier to the development of e-commerce.
②The social credit system construction is not perfect yet
There are five barriers in the e-commerce credit:commercial credit, banking credit,system credit,social credit and judicial credit. To promote and popularize e-commerce in modern situation, we must make the government as the background, including the management of industry and commerce, public security and tax administration.Only like this,can we really build up a e-commerce credit system which fits with our national conditions. On the one hand, our exiting credit system construction itself is the industry-nature. Banks,taxes,law and insurance departments all have their own information storeroom,which do not have internet linked. So they cannot be shared. In the e-commerce trade, although there can be a link between these information storeroom, part of them are classified, which can also contributes to the unavailability of useful information.
③The legal construction of our market is still not complete yet
At present situation, especially when the e-commerce laws are not complete, itrsquo;s lack of the laws to standardize the e-commerce and it enlarges the risk of e-commerce enterprises. Although there is already electronic signature law,itrsquo;s just a shallow one to control the enterprises. E-commerce is a cross-area and cross-counties commercial activity, and it concerns a lot to some legal problems in the real trade of e-commerce, but there are no relevant laws established. Owing to the lack of legal restrict,some traders may use this space to do some fraud activities, which severely restricts the rapid steady development of e-commerce.
④Self-discipline is not established yet
Our national credit system is lagging behind severely. The perfect honesty management system has not established yet. Market-running mode starts to be built but there still exists some nonstandard phenomenon. Some effective administration mechanism is not established yet.
⑤The virtuality of online shopping and the technology traits inevitably contribute to the inequality of status between the customers and sellers.
The far-distance, record alterability and the complexity of the main parts all make the credit problem severer. Once one has the credit problem, the trade will be a bubble, even contributing to the other one being fooled. Some illegal persons cheat others using the internet and e-commerce, which severely disturbs the health of e-commerce and the nonmalignant development.
2.The construction of e-commerce credit system of China
To solve the credit crisis in e-commerce, we need to start from the establishment of e-commerce credit system. The construction of credit system is a enormous and complex system project. So the government, industries, businesses, customers and the media are required to collaborate. Supported by moral and guaranteed by laws, realized it by scientific organization management system and advanced technological means.
①To strength the publicity and education of the social credit sense
Enhace the social credit sense is the radical problem. No credit sense,no credit culture, then credit will not deep-rooted and there will not be a healthy market mechanism and social credit atmosphere. To call for honesty among the members of e-commerce, establish the concept of honesty and rules makes the members of e-commerce realize that honesty is the basis of getting on in life as well as the basic requirement of the trade. Honesty and credit is also a wealth and a irreplaceable competence. Maybe cheats and fraud can bring some short-term benefits,but as the time went by, we will certainly lose our credit among other people and the society. And a long-term steady benefit is unable to get. To cultivate the credit sense around the society,we need to cultivate the credit consuming habit of people first, let more cyber citizens accept the means of e-commerce payment, collecting good credit record and bring some convenience to the credit consuming. Those businesses who are the members of e-commerce should gradually form a self-discipline industry standards and commercial rules. The enhancement of social credit sense may promote the progress of e-commerce credit system construction.
②Establish a perfect social credit system.
E-commerce, which acts as a new-type commercial activity mode, its every commercial activity concerns to several members, including sellers and buyers, e-commerce net station, TPL, bank, tax department, industry and commerce, public security and other institutions. Every member is going to undertake some credit responsibility. They need to trade in a perfect honest environment. But this cannot be solved unless every member join it in a long term.Thus,we need to leran from the current laws of some developed countries and set up credit information publicity, commerce confidential, privacy,consuming credit protection and business credit report laws as soon as pos
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文摘选自：赵娟娟. 电子商务发展中的信用问题及信用体系的构建[J].电子商务，2013(05):46,60.
1.我国电子商务存在的主要问题
①受传统经济意识的制约导致社会信用意识差
我国的市场经济是由计划经济过渡而来，与市场经济紧密相关的信用规则还不成熟，企业的市场行为随机性大，不少企业的诚信度还不高。现实社会中，假冒伪劣商品肆虐、虚假广告泛滥、合同履约率低、经理人缺少诚信、信用卡诈骗、对欠债追讨不力等诚信问题每天见于报端，几乎成了普遍现象；而电子商务作为不见面的交易模式，更难得到消费者的认同，而“无商不奸”的观念在人们的思想中根深蒂固，企业与企业、企业与消费者、人与人之间防范多于信任，都是电子商务发展的心理障碍。
②社会信用体系建设还不完善
当前我国电子商务信用要过五大关：商业信用、银行信用、系统(设备和网络)信用、社会信用及司法信用。在现有状况下推广和普及电子商务，必须要以政府为背景，包括银行、工商、公安、税务等跨部门的管理，才能真正建立起符合我国国情的电子商务信用体系。一方面，我国现有的信用体系建设本身就是行业性质的，银行、税务、法律、保险等部门都有各自的信息库，这些信息库本身没有相互联网，因而无法实现信息共享。在电子商务交易中，即使各行业的信息库互联，但由于部分商业信用信息相互保密，也会造成贸易双方无法从中获得有利的信息。另一方面，目前我国企业信用数据的一个重要来源是专业的资信公司和信用评估机构建立的企业资信数据库，其具有数据量大、信息齐全、信息更新快的特点，但由于信用评级还属于行业和个人行为，评级的中介机构、依据等都未得到法律认同，致使评级缺乏有效性和权威性；同时，这些信用评价中心具有局部性和分散性，会导致资源的重置和缺乏有效的信息传递，从而加大社会支出的总成本。
③我国市场法制建设还不健全
在目前情况下，尤其是电子商务法律法规很不完善，缺乏明确的法律法规对电子商务进行规范。加大了电子商务活动的风险。虽然已颁布了《电子签名法》，但它只是在一个很浅的层面上对电子商务企业进行控制。电子商务是个跨越工商行政管理、海关、保险、财税、银行等众多部门和不同地区、不同国家的商务活动，在企业实际电子商务交易中，涉及许多方面的法律问题，但没有相关的立法。由于对电子商务活动缺乏法律制约，一些交易者利用法律空白和漏洞从事网上欺诈活动，严重制约了电子商务的持续快速发展。
(四)行业自律尚未形成
我国信用系统严重滞后，还未建立起健全的诚信管理体系，缺乏有效的失信、违规行为监督惩罚机制，市场化运作模式虽已初露端倪，但运作存在不规范现象，未形成有效的行政管理机制，行业自律尚未形成。
(五)网络购物的虚拟性、技术上的特点都不可避免地导致买卖双方地位的不平等
电子商务所具有的远程性、记录的可更改性、主体的复杂性等自身特征，决定了其信用问题更加突出。一旦一方发生信用问题?交易就会成为泡影，甚至导致另一方上当受骗。尤为严重的是一些不法之徒利用互联网、电子商务进行诈骗，严重干扰了电子商务的健康、良性发展。
2.我国电子商务中信用体系的构建
解决电子商务中的诚信危机要从建立电子商务的信用体系入手。信用体系的建设是一项极其庞大而复杂的系统工程，必须由政府、行业、企业、消费者以及传媒各方通力合作，以道德为支撑，以法律为保障，采用科学的组织管理体系和先进的技术手段来实现。
(一)加强社会的信用意识的宣传与教育
提高社会的信用意识是根本问题，没有信用意识，没有信用文化，信用就不会深入人心，也就不会形成健康的市场机制和社会信用氛围。在电子商务的参与者中呼唤诚信，树立诚信观念、规则意识，使电子商务的参与者意识到，诚信是立身处世之本，是电子商务交易的基本要求，同时诚信、信用是一种财富，是一种不可替代的竞争力。也许欺骗、造假能带来短期利益，但随着时间的流逝，必将失信于民，失信于社会，也就无法获得长期、稳定的利益。培养全社会的信用意识，要从培养人们的信用消费习惯入手，让更多网民接受电子信用支付手段，积累良好的信用记录，为日后的信用消费提供便利。参与电子交易的各企业，要逐渐形成自律性的行业规范和商业准则。社会信用意识的提高，将极大地推进电子商务信用体系建设的进程。
(二)建立完善的社会信用体系
电子商务作为一种新型的商务活动模式，它的每一次交易活动都要涉及到多方参与者，包括参与交易的双方、电子商务网站、第三方物流公司、银行、税务部门、工商、公安以及其他机构，每个参与者都要承担一定的信用责任。他们需要在一个完善的诚信环境下进行交易，但建设这种环境不是电子商务活动的某一参与者具有诚信意识就能解决的问题，这种诚信环境和机制需要社会各方共同长期努力才能营造出来。因此，我们应借鉴发达国家现行的相关立法，尽快出台《信用信息公开法》、《商业秘密法》、《隐私权法》、《消费信用保护法》、《商业信用报告法》等信用法律规范；同时建立相关信用管理机构，如行业诚信管理、信用中介机构管理、企业信用管理和消费信用管理等，并出台相关的法律法规。尤为重要的是，在法律执行过程中建立失信惩戒机制，对有不良信用记录的法人和自然人予以惩罚，加大失信行为的成本。
建立以政府为背景跨部门的，包括银行、工商管理、公安、税务等部门协同的企业和个人的信用评价与监管体系，实现跨部门、跨行业、跨地区的信用信息互联互通。通过这样一个信用平台，可以查询到全国任何企业、任何个人的信用记录。通过自动运行信用评估模型，信息网络还能提供对企业和个人的信用评价、信用等级等。借鉴国外信用管理体系的经验，可以首先从企业的信用管理体系构建开始，建立企业信用信息数据库，然后逐步扩展到个人信用管理体系。而电子商务依托的高速发展的互联网技术正是搭建这个平台的最好保证。
(三)推动电子商务法律法规的建设
市场经济是一种信用经济，一种法制经济，在电子商务模式下更应如此。完备的信用管理法律体系是信用行业健康规范发展的必然要求，在商业活动中给他方造成损害的失信行为应该受到法律的制裁。
(四)加强电子商务行业自律
目前，各商务网站都有自己的交易规则，这往往使网上购物者顾虑重重，担心自己的权益受到侵害，从而对电子商务望而却步。加强电子商务信用环境的建设，行业自律极其重要。中国电子商务协会是中国电子商务的行业组织，要制定各会员必须共同遵守的商业规则，切实保护消费者的权益。商务网站不能在固定格式合同中添加霸王条款，不能在合同条款上做手脚、设陷阱，损害消费者权益。协会要通过互联网接受社会对会员的投诉，对会员不遵守共同商业规则的行为进行处罚，直至开除会员资格。
(五)创新电子商务的信用模式
建立完善的电子商务信用体系，必须依靠高科技手段，必须不断加强网上安全认证技术的开发和应用，如数据挖掘技术的开发、信息安全技术的开发、信用系统数据平台建设、数据仓库的整合与数据采集(建立基于统一格式和智能化的数据仓库系统)。另外制订政府信用相关数据和信息的采集、交换和存储标准、电子签名、CA认证等服务体系，加快各级各部门政务信息电子化、网络化建设，建立完善电子政务技术平台，将为信用信息资源的整合和共享创造条件。
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