低碳经济背景下的高端房地产行业消费者购买行为影响研究外文翻译资料

Accumulation by Decarbonization

and the Governance of Carbon Offsets

Key words:

carbon offsets

climate change

Clean Development

Mechanism

neoliberalism

political economy

market environmentalism

127

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Acknowledgments

This article was written with the support of an ESRC/ NERC studentship award to Adam Bumpus and as part of research for the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change. We thank Emily Boyd, Max Boykoff, Dan Buck, Amy Glasmeier, Mike Goodman, Heather Lovell, Scott Prudham, Sam Randalls, Timmons Roberts, Emma Tompkins, and two anony-

1. mous reviewers for their comments.

Carbon offsets have emerged at the forefront of debates on strategies to mitigate climate change. They are seen as alternative or supplementary ways for individuals, organizations, and governments to reduce emissions from their own households, operations, or countries. The fundamental rationale conveyed by advo-cates of offsets is that paying for greenhouse reductions elsewhere is easier, cheaper, and faster than domestic reductions, providing greater benefits to the atmosphere and to sustainable development, especially when offsets involve projects in the developing world.

The concept of offsets emerged in the Kyoto Protocolrsquo;s flexible mechanisms (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC 1997), which allow industrialized countries to meet their emission-reduction targets by purchasing emission reductions that are associated with projects in the developing world (the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM) or eastern European economies in transition (Joint Implemen-tation). Together with carbon trading, these mechanisms provide an alternative to more expensive or politically difficult domestic emission reductions. A parallel market in voluntary carbon offsets (VCOs) has devel-oped beyond the regulated CDM, whereby individ-uals and organizations can compensate for their green-house gas emissions by purchasing carbon credits that are generated by emission-reduction projects elsewhere. Thus, frequent fliers can “offset” their aviation emis-sions and companies can offset their energy use by purchasing carbon credits that are generated by such projects as forest planting, renewable energy, biofuels, methane capture, energy-efficient wood stoves, and lighting (see Table 1). In this article, we examine the CDM and VCOs as essentially parallel markets oper-ating under the same conceptual basis, but with different governance structures. These structures have implica-tions for economic geography because carbon emis-sions are emerging as a new and dynamic commodity that links the global North and South, business enter-prises and consumers, and science and markets in complex ways.

Offset projects have become a new source of funding for development and conservation in the global South and a rapidly growing business opportunity for those who develop and broker projects and cre

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