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 2022-05-10 20:29:25

Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. (2015) 1:89–96

DOI 10.1007/s40899-015-0008-5

O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E

Domestic wastewater treatment performance using constructed wetland

J. S. Sudarsan1 bull; Reenu Lizbeth Roy1 bull; G. Baskar1 bull; V. T. Deeptha2 bull; S. Nithiyanantham3

Received: 27 March 2015 / Accepted: 22 May 2015 / Published online: 3 June 2015

Springer International Publishing 2015

Abstract Constructed wetlands are treatment systems that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to im-prove water quality. These systems can be used commer-cially for efficient biological treatment of wastewater, and it will also act as a better eco-friendly method when compared with other conventional treatment methods. A constructed wetland pilot scale unit was constructed in the SRM University campus which was allowed to treat was-tewater from the sewage treatment plant III. The pilot scale unit was designed based on EPA and CPCB guidelines. The dimension of the constructed wetland was 250 9 150 9 80 cm with a slope of 0.01 (1 %). The de-sign is as per Darcyrsquo;s law. The wetland unit has a cross section of 3.75 m2 and has been designed with hydraulic loading of 0.8 m3/(m2/day) and recommended flow of

  1. m3/day. The retention time provided for the unit was 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Phragmites australis also known as
  • S. Nithiyanantham

s_nithu59@rediffmail.com

J. S. Sudarsan sudarsanjss@yahoo.com

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University,

Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram Dt. 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering amp; Technology, Vengaivasal Main Road, Gowrivakkam, Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
  2. Applied Energy Resource Divisions, School of Physical Sciences and Femtotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram Dt. 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India

common reed was the wetland plant species planted in the

unit. Six field trials were carried out during the project and

with average removal efficiencies of 75.99 % for BOD,

76.16 % for COD, 57.34 % for TDS, 62.08 % for Nitrate,

58.03 % for Phosphate, 57.83 % for Potassium.

Keywords Constructed wetland Aacute; Wastewater treatment Aacute; Plant species Aacute; Microbial analysis

Introduction

As a part of outgoing research, wetlands are some of the most biologically diverse and productive natural ecosys-tems in the world. While not all constructed wetlands (CWs) replicate natural ones, it makes sense to construct wetlands that improve water quality and support wildlife habitat (EPA Manual 2004; Sudharsan et al. 2014). CWs can also be a cost-effective and technically feasible ap-proach to treating wastewater. Wetlands are often less expensive to build than traditional wastewater treatment options, have low operating and maintenance expenses, and can handle fluctuating water levels. Additionally, they are esthetically pleasing and can reduce or eliminate odors associated with wastewater.

CWs are generally built on uplands and outside flood-plains or floodways in order to avoid damage to natural wetlands and other aquatic resources. Wetlands are fre-quently constructed by excavating, backfilling, grading, diking, and installing water control structures to establish desired hydraulic flow patterns. If the site has highly per-meable soils, an impervious, compacted clay liner is usu-ally installed and the original soil placed over the liner. Wetland vegetation is then planted or allowed to establish naturally (EPA Manual 2004).

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90 Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. (2015) 1:89–96

Constructed wetlands

A constructed wetland is a shallow basin filled with some sort of filter material (substrate), usually sand or gravel, and planted with vegetation tolerant of saturated condi-tions. Wastewater is introduced into the basin and flows over the surface or through the substrate, and is discharged out of the basin through a structure which controls the depth of the wastewater in the wetland (CN Manual 2008).

A constructed wetland comprises the following five major components:

  1. Basin,
  2. Substrate,
  3. Vegetation,
  4. Liner, and
  5. Inlet/Outlet arrangement system (CN Manual 2008).

The objectives of the project were to identify the organic loading removal efficiency of CWs. This project work at-tempts to put the proper perspective on appropriate use of CWs. For some applications, these are best options because they are low in cost, maintenance requirements, offer good performance, and provide a natural appearance and more ecological benefits. They are well suited for wastewater treatment in small communities where inexpensive land is available and skilled operators are hard to find. Constructed wetland systems can be used commercially for efficient biological treatment of waste water. It is a better eco-friendly method than other conventional treatment methods.

(12L90 N–12L490 N and 80L20 E and 80L30 E) in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. This area experienced maximum temperature of 40 LC and minimum temperature of 20 LC and average rainfall of 1403 mm. The University is located along NH 45, about 40 km way from Chennai city.

Sample collection points

Wastewater sampling was performed by one of the two methods, grab sampling, and composite sampling. Com-posite sampling was the type of sampling that has been used in the collection of wastewater. Composite sampling consists of

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