低共熔溶剂脱除蔗渣木质素的研究外文翻译资料

 2021-12-19 21:14:14

英语原文共 67 页

目 录

7.1聚合物乳液hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.2

7.2水溶性或水溶性聚合物hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.4

7.3非水相系统hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..7

7.3.1非水极性介质hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.7

7.3.2溶剂混合和溶剂交换hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.8

7.3.3原位聚合hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..9

7.3.4表面活性剂hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.9

7.3.5表面化学改性hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;9

7.4泡沫和气凝胶hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.10

7.5熔复合hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..14

7.5.1纳米颗粒的干hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..14

7.5.2极性基体熔融复合hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;22

7.5.3采用溶剂交换熔融配制hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.23

7.5.4采用加工助剂的熔融混合hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;23

7.5.5化学接枝纳米颗粒的熔融共混hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.25

7.5.6采用物理方法配制熔融混合体hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.26

7.6过滤和浸溃hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..26

7 .7纺丝和电纺hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..27

7.8多层膜hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;28

7.9结论hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.30

7.10参考文献hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;31

7 纳米纤维素材料的加工

本章描述了微纤状纤维素纳米晶材料的不同加工方法。它主要由聚合物纳米复合材料组成,但其他材料也有文献报道。纤维素纳米颗粒由于表面羟基相互作用的普遍存在,具有很强的自缔合倾向。这一性质是纸张强度的基础,是承载聚合物基质中形成承载渗流体系的理想特征。然而,这些颗粒间的相互作用会导致纳米复合材料制备过程中的聚集,从而导致纳米尺度的损失,限制机械强化的潜力。当粒子的尺寸减小时,这种聚集现象就会放大。

7.1 聚合物乳液

乳胶可以是天然的,也可以是合成的,是聚合物微粒子在水介质中的稳定分散(乳液)。在自然界中,10% 的开花植物(被子植物)(Agrawal and Konno, 2009)含有一种复杂的乳状液体,由蛋白质、生物碱、淀粉、糖、油、单宁酸、树脂和树胶组成,暴露在空气中会凝结。它通常在组织损伤后渗出,主要用于防御食草昆虫。这个词也用来指天然乳胶橡胶,尤其是未硫化橡胶。乳液还可以通过与表面活性剂乳化的单体聚合合成。

从纤维纳米颗粒和聚合物乳胶中制备纳米复合材料历来是文献报道的第一个(Favier et al.,1995a)。

本研究报道的纳米复合体系由包被素纳米晶组成,通过将计算好量的苯乙烯与丙烯酸丁酯(poly(S-co-BuA))共聚得到聚合物基体。聚合物的水分散体系平均直径为150nm,固相含量为50wt %。这种处理方式可以保留纳米颗粒在水中胶体分散所产生的个体化状态。对于这项早期的工作,聚合物的性质是由这样一个事实决定的:由于单体单元的随机序列,它是一种完全非晶态的聚合物,使其成为模型聚合物基质。此外,苯乙烯和丙烯酸丁酯的共聚物化学成分分别为35%wt%和65%wt%,导致玻璃化转变温度约为0°C,通过室温下的浇铸/蒸发促进薄膜加工。这篇开创性的报告后不久又发表了第二篇论文(Favier等人,1995年b)。

从这类聚合物中,通过混合和浇铸两种水悬浮液,在聚合物玻璃化转变温度以上进行水蒸发,得到固体纳米复合膜,如图 7.1 所示。在水分蒸发过程中,介质中的固体含量不断增加,乳胶颗粒越来越接近。

聚合物颗粒由于其高粘度,在蒸发过程中对纳米晶体起着不可穿透的作用。因此,这些颗粒的大小影响棒状纳米颗粒的最终分散(Dubief等,1999)。当它们相互接触时,这些柔软的聚合物颗粒发生变形,形成多面体,使纤维素纳米颗粒处于分散状态。原胶乳颗粒之间的边界通过链扩散消失,形成含有分散的纳米多糖的连续聚合物膜。蒸发温度需要高于基体的玻璃化转变温度,以允许链的自扩散,但又不能太高,以免薄膜表面形成干燥的表皮,阻碍水从芯部蒸发。本文采用动态光散射的方法研究了氯化钠作用下,丁苯胶乳在胶体纤维素纳米晶体弥散作用下的凝固动力学(Verezhnikov等,2014)。人们已经发现,当系统在凝固过程中受到机械作用时,团聚体几乎在某一时刻停止生长。假设凝固的第一阶段是原生颗粒与团聚体之间形成强接触,第二阶段是残余水化层相互作用。

同一共聚物用于与麦草(Helbert et al.,1996;Dufresne et_al.,1997)、tunicin(Hajji et al.,1996)或甜菜(Azizi Samir et_al.,2004a)纤维素纳米晶体结合,但也用于与甜菜果肉制备的MFC(Dalmas et_al.,2006;Dalmas et_al.,2007)或Opuntia ficus indica实质细胞(Malainine)结合。等人,2005年)。其他乳胶如聚(beta;-羟基辛酸酯)(pho)、聚氯乙烯(pvc)、水性环氧树脂、水性聚氨酯(wpu)、天然橡胶(nr)、聚醋酸乙烯酯(pvac)和丙烯酸也用作基质。对于聚氯乙烯基纳米复合材料,邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DOP)用作增塑剂(每百分之三十的PVC比例)。

Fig. 7.1: Processing of polysaccharide nanocrystals reinforced polymer nanocomposite films using polymer latex.

Polymer

Nano-

particle

Source of Cellulose

Processing Technique

Reference

Acrylic

(UCARTM)

CNC

Acacia Pulp

Casting/Evaporation

(Pu et al., 2007)

Acrylic copolymer

CNC

Bacterial Cellulose

Casting/Evaporation/

Hot Pressing

(Trovatti et al., 2010)

Polymer Nano- Source of Cellulose Processing Technique Reference particle

NR

CNC/MFC

Date Palm Tree

Casting/Evaporation

(Bendahou et al., 2009;

2010; 2011)

CNC

Cassava Bagasse

Casting/Evaporation

(Pasquini et al., 2010)

CNC

Capim Dourado

Casting/Evaporation

(Siqueira et al., 2010)

CNC

Sugarcane Bagasse

Casting/Evaporation

(Bras et al., 2010)

CNC/MFC

Sisal

Casting/Evaporation

(Siqueira et al., 2011)

PVAc

CNC

Sisal

Casting/Evaporation

(Garcia de Rodriguez et al.,

2006)

MFC

Bleached Beech Pulp

Casting/Evaporation

(Loacute;pez-Suevos et al., 2010)

CNC

Wood

Casting/Evaporation

(Geng et al., 2016)

PHO

CNC

Tunicin

Casting/Evaporation

(Dubief et al., 1999; Dufresne et al., 1999; 2000)

Poly

(S-co-BuA)

CNC

Tunicin

Casting/Evaporation

(Favier et al., 1995a;

1995b; Hajji et al. 1996)

CNC

Wheat Straw

Casting/Evaporation

(Helbert et al., 1996;

Dufresne et al., 1997)

CNC/MFC

S

资料编号:[4477]

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