道路共享即共赢---关于“共享道路”信号（标志）的评价
摘要：
1.A road sign with the text laquo;Share the roadraquo; and a picture of a smiling cyclist and a passing car was evaluated in a before–after study with surveys among cyclists and car drivers.
有一项研究，在骑自行车的人和汽车司机中进行了调查。在这次研究中，对一种道路标志牌进行了评估。这种标志牌上写了“共享道路”的文字，和一幅画了微笑着的骑自行车的人和路过的汽车的图画。
2. The sign was set up at two sites on a test road near Oslo in summer 2014.
在2014年夏季，这个标志被安置在一条邻近奥斯陆的测试道路的两旁。
3. A similar road was used as a comparison.
一条相似的道路被用作比较。
4.About two thirds of the participants on the test road had noticed the sign.
测试道路上大约有三分之二的人注意到了这个标志。
5. Cyclists have more often noticed the sign than car drivers have and they were somewhat more positive towards the sign.
骑自行车的人比汽车司机更能注意到标志，他们对标牌在某种程度上更为积极一些。
6. Effects on self-reported behavior and the perceived behavior of others were evaluated by comparing changes from the before- to the after-period between test and comparison road.
通过对比实验组的道路和对照组道路的前后变化，评估了自我报告行为和他人感知行为的影响。
7. Self-reported behavior of both cyclists and car drivers has improved on the test road after the sign was set up, especially in overtaking situations, and these results are in accordance with how cyclists and car drivers perceived each otherrsquo;s behavior.
在建立标志后的测试道路上，骑自行车的人和汽车驾驶员的自我报告行为都有所改善，特别是在超车的情况下，这些结果与骑车人和汽车驾驶员如何看待彼此的行为是一致的。
8. The general perception of other road users has improved as well.
其他道路使用者的普遍看法也有所改善。
9. The results are most likely representative of similar roads with a large proportion of car traffic that is related to recreation and a relatively low level of conflict.
结果很有可能代表了类似的道路，这些道路的车辆的交通量很大，与娱乐活动有关，冲突程度相对较低。
- Introduction
介绍:
Para1．
（1）Cars overtaking too closely are among the most frequent and most important sources of insecurity for cyclists and a leading cause of conflicts.
汽车超车太近是骑自行车者最频繁和最重要的不安全来源之一，也是引发冲突的主要原因。
（2）Overtaking crashes are among the most common motor vehicle–bicycle collisions
超车撞车是最常见的机动车与自行车碰撞事故之一
（3）Consequently, most cyclists feel less safe on roads with mixed traffic than on roads with a cycle lane or track.
因此，大多数骑自行车的人在混合交通的道路上比在有自行车专用车道或跑道的道路上感到不安全。
(4) On the other hand, cyclists are often regarded as an annoying moving obstacle on the road and thereby a source of anger and frustration, and sometimes aggression, by drivers of motor vehicles.
另一方面，骑自行车的人常常被视为路上令人讨厌的移动障碍物，从而成为机动车驾驶员愤怒和沮丧，有时甚至是攻击的根源。
(5) Driver aggression can in itself be a risk factor.
驾驶员攻击本身就是一个危险因素。
(6) For example, Underwood, Chapman, Wright, and Crundall (1999) found that drivers who experienced anger more often are at fault in near-accidents than other drivers.
例如，Underwood，Chapman，Wright, and Crundall（1999）发现,经历过愤怒的司机往往在潜在事故的危险中比其他司机更容易发生错误。
Para2.
(1)In order to improve interactions between cyclists and cars and to reduce aggression, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration set up a sign with the text laquo;Share the roadraquo; with a picture of a smiling cyclist and a passing car at two test sites near Oslo。
为了改善骑自行车者和汽车之间的互动并且减少侵占，挪威公共道路管理局在奥斯陆附近测试道路的两侧设置一种标志，上面有文字《共享道路》和一幅画，画上有微笑着的骑自行车的人和一辆经过的小汽车。
(2)The aim of this study was to investigate how the sign is perceived by cyclists and car drivers, and how it affects self-reported attitudes and behavior among cyclists and car drivers, as well as the perception of other road users.
本研究的目的是调查自行车驾驶员和汽车驾驶员如何看待这个标志，以及它是如何影响骑车人和司机之间自我报告的态度和行为以及其他道路使用者的感知。
- Theory
理论：
Para1：
（1）It is well documented that campaigns that aim at changing attitudes and behaviors in traffic are more successful if road users receive the information and message when they are participating in traffic (for example roadside information) rather than in mass media。
有记录表明，当用户在参与交通（例如路边信息）而不是在大众媒体中接收信息和消息时，这种旨在改变交通中态度和行为的运动在道路上更为成功。
（2）Furthermore, roadside information has been found to be more effective if it addresses a specific behavior than if it gives more general information, for example about road safety of “safe behavior” in general。
此外，（研究）发现，如果路边信息它解决了一个具体的行为而不是给出了更多一般的信息，例如，关于一般的“安全行为”的道路安全，它将会更加有效。
Para2：
（1）The lsquo;lsquo;Share the road” sign aims at improving interactions between cyclists and car drivers, especially during passing manoeuvers.
“共享道路”的标志，旨在提高自行车和汽车司机之间的互动，特别是通过策略。
（2）The sign shows a smiling cyclist on the right hand side and a car passing the cyclist at a very generous distance.
标志牌上的右边是一个面带微笑的骑自行车的人，一辆车正以距他非常充足的距离从自行车手身边驶过。
（3）The motive is similar to those that are used in other lsquo;lsquo;Share the road campaigns”.
它的动机和那些被用在其他“共享道路”的活动是一样的。
（4）The sign gives some hints as to what behavior is desirable – letting cars pass and passing cyclists at an adequate distance.
这个标志暗示了什么行为是可取的-让汽车通过和通过自行车在适当的距离。
（5）Cars passing cyclists are the most common interaction between cars and cyclists on this type of road (there are no junctions or traffic lights and few driveways).
在这种类型的道路上，汽车驾驶员和骑自行车的人之间最常见的互动就是汽车对自行车的超车。（没有交叉路口或交通灯和多车道）。
（6）Therefore, it was of interest to evaluate the effects of the sign on cyclistsrsquo; and car driversrsquo; own (self-reported) behavior and the perceived behavior of the other part.
因此，评估标志对骑自行车的人和汽车司机自己（自我报告）行为和另一方的感知行为的影响是有趣的。
（7）The main focus was on passing maneuvers.
主要的聚焦的地方是通过试验。
（8）It was expected that passing behavior among drivers and cyclists would improve more than other types of behavior because the sign focuses especially on this type of interaction, and the improvements were expected to be found mainly for behavior on the current trip.
预计驾驶者和骑自行车者之间的传递行为会比其他类型的行为有效得多，因为指示牌特别注重这种互动，而改进主要是为了当前出行的行为。
Para3
-
Ideally, the sign should affect the behavior of cyclists and car drivers, such that cyclists less often impede car drivers (e.g. by riding two or more abre
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