肯尼亚商业银行金融脱媒的决定因素外文翻译资料

 2022-04-08 22:53:39

附录Y 外文原文

DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL DISINTERMEDIATION AMONG COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

    1. Background of the Study

Disintermediation means the transfer and diversion of savings from low interest earning accounts to accounts and securities with high returns according to the earliest studies done on this subject. Disintermediation happens when a customer is able to interact with the primary supplier of goods or services, without requiring the services of a previously essential intermediary (Clemons et.al, 2002). Financial intermediaries are mostly composed of commercial banks, pension funds, capital markets and investment banks. Disintermediation has been seen to be associated with the coming of the internet.

Wall Street Journal referred to disintermediation first in 1996 as being one of the earliest publications to so. With the advancement of money transfer services such as Mpesa and increase in the number of intermediaries that include pension funds, insurance companies and growth or otherwise of the capital market in Kenya, there is need to determine whether commercial bank‟s role as financial intermediaries has decreased over time.

    1. Research Problem

A study on financial disintermediation was also conducted for the South African market. Ojah (2005) further highlights an observation that NBFIs such as insurance companies are channeling the pooled retirement-driven savings in their custody, into large corporations such as banks owned by them. This point may support the Schmidt et al(1997) paper in that the bank intermediation chain may also be lengthening in South Africa. The advancement of mobile money has introduced ways of making payments and also saving while bypassing the bank as an intermediary. This study shall check how financial innovation has affected disintermediation.

    1. Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of disintermediation within the Kenya banking sector. The study also assessed whether there has been a trend towards financial disintermediation in Kenya in the last decade with the growth of other financial intermediaries.

    1. Value of the Study

Through its findings, the study will contribute to the academia, regulators and the financial practitioners. The study will provide information on whether Kenya has started experiencing financial disintermediation and the extent of it. For Kenyan banks, the study will provide information on whether the industry is declining. As a result the banks can come up with strategies to remain relevant.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

    1. Theoretical Framework

This section reviews two theories relating to financial intermediation namely the conventional and new theory of financial intermediation.

The theory of financial intermediation by Gurley and Shaw (1955, 1960) argues that banks are the link which 'go between' surplus and deficit units. The banks obtain deposits from their customers who place their savings with them and then lend these funds to borrowers. This process transforms capital and increases the social value of capital. According to this theory, the functions of banks include capital transformation and serve as intermediaries between savers and borrowers.

Some of the key roles of financial intermediaries is to minimize the information and transaction costs that arise from information asymmetry between parties in a transaction. Financial intermediaries are therefore key in efficient functioning of markets.

    1. Determinants of Financial Disintermediation

Financial disintermediation has been defined as the withdrawal of funds from

intermediaries such as banks, loan and savings institutions to invest them directly. For the purpose of this research, financial disintermediation will be taken in the context of the loss of importance of the traditional roles of intermediaries such as banks which are deposit taking and loan issuing. Studies have shown that the over the years, the traditional roles of banks have declined and other forms of intermediaries such as investment banks, mutual funds and pension trusts have arisen. This can be attributed to the decline in the costs incurred in carrying out a transaction and the presence of asymmetric information in recent decades (Allen and Santomero, 1998). The declining trend in the traditional role of banks can be attributed to factors such as new technology, economic growth, policy, regulations and the changing structure of financial systems.

    1. Empirical Review

This section reviews studies that have been locally and globally related to the area of study. The trend in the loss of importance of banks was researched in the United States of America (USA) where banks have shown a declining share of assets (Kaufman and Mote, 1994).

The decline in the role of banks progressed to Europe accompanied by rise in other financial intermediaries. In Germany, savings deposit in the banks from individual households reduced by 16% in the years after 1980. Insurance deposits however increased by 20% and a move towards investment in fixed assets was noted. In the last two decades, equity funding in corporations has doubled(Buch amp; Goldor, 1999).

In studies done between 1970 and 2000 in United Kingdom and Germany the trend of disintermediation was not visible in the asset side of banks were still the major financiers but a fall in interest margin is possible due to improved customer awar

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附录A 译文

  1. 肯尼亚商业银行金融脱媒的决定因素

第一章 简介

    1. 研究背景

根据对这一课题的最早研究,金融脱媒(非中介化)是指将储蓄从低利息收入的帐户转移到高回报的账户和证券。当客户能够与商品或服务的主要供应商进行相互沟通,而不需要以前必需的中介服务时,就会发生非中介化(Clemons et.al, 2002)。金融中介机构主要由商业银行、养老基金、资本市场和投资银行组成。人们认为,金融脱媒与互联网的到来有关。

《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal)在1996年第一次提到了金融脱媒,它是最早的出版物之一。随着货币转账服务(如Mpesa)的发展与养老基金、保险公司和肯尼亚资本市场的增长或其他中介机构的增加,需要确定商业银行作为金融中介的角色是否随着时间的推移而失去中介的作用。

    1. 研究问题

对南非市场进行了金融脱媒的研究。Ojah(2005)进一步强调了,即像NBFIs这样的保险公司,将集中的固定储蓄转化为流动储蓄,转移到大型公司,如公司拥有的银行。这一点可能会支持Schmidt (1997)的论文,即在南非,银行中介链可能也会延长。移动货币的发展引入了支付方式和储蓄方式,同时绕过银行作为中介。本研究将探讨金融创新如何影响非中介化。

    1. 研究目的

这项研究的目的是调查肯尼亚银行业的非中介化的决定因素。该研究还评估了在过去十年中,随着其他金融中介机构的增长,肯尼亚是否出现了金融脱媒的趋势。

    1. 研究意义

通过研究结果,该研究将为学术界、监管机构和金融从业者做出一点贡献。这项研究将提供有关肯尼亚是否已经开始经历金融脱媒和其程度的信息。对肯尼亚的银行来说,这项研究将提供有关该行业是否正在衰退的信息。因此,银行可以制定出与之相关的策略。

第二章 文献综述

    1. 理论框架

本节回顾了金融中介的两种理论,即金融中介的传统理论和新理论。

Gurley(1955)和Shaw(1960)的金融中介理论认为,银行是“介于”盈余和赤字之间的纽带。银行从他们的客户那里获得存款,然后银行把这些钱借给贷款人。这一过程改变了资本,增加了资本的社会价值。根据这一理论,银行的职能包括资本转换,充当储蓄者与贷款者之间的中介。

金融中介机构的一些关键作用是最大限度地减少交易各方之间信息不对称所产生的信息和交易成本。因此,金融中介机构是市场有效运作的关键。

    1. 金融脱媒的决定因素

金融脱媒被定义为资金的撤出。银行、贷款和储蓄机构等中介机构直接投资。在本研究的目的下,金融脱媒将会在银行等中介机构的传统角色缺失的背景下进行。研究表明,多年来,银行的传统角色已经下降,投资银行、共同基金和养老金信托等其他形式的中介机构也出现了同样的问题。这可以归因于最近几十年在执行一项交易和存在非对称信息方面所发生的费用的下降(Alle and Santomero, 1998)。银行传统角色的下降趋势可以归结为新技术、经济增长、政策、法规和金融体系结构的变化等因素。

    1. 实证评估

本节回顾了在本地和全球范围内与研究领域相关的研究。在美国,银行的资产份额下降(Kaufman and Mote, 1994),对银行重要性丧失的趋势进行了研究。

银行角色的下降,伴随着其他金融中介机构的崛起的情况也在欧洲蔓延。在德国,1980年以后,个人家庭的储蓄存款减少了16%。然而,保险存款增加了20%,并向固定资产投资转移。在过去的20年里,公司的股权投资增加了一倍(Buch and Goldor, 1999)。

在英国和德国1970年至2000年的研究中,银行资产方面的非中介化趋势在银行资产方面仍不明显,但由于客户意识的提高和激烈的竞争,利差可能下降(Hackethal, 2003)。然而在法国,他们却在资产方面损失惨重。从Schmidt(1997)等人的研究来看,德国的脱媒趋势几乎是不存在的,而英国只有轻微的趋势,而只有法国才有明显的脱媒趋势。

根据Pati和Shome(2006)的研究,自20世纪80年代以来,银行资产在印度银行业的份额一直在下降。在1991年的金融危机之后,印度政府放松了对金融市场的管制,一个集中四个不同金融领域的体系诞生了,其中包括保险、资本市场、银行、货币市场和其他贷款机构。这给银行带来了竞争,也导致了印度银行传统业务的下降。其他一些公共机构,比如一些保险公司和邮局,由于税收优惠,使得银行很难调动储蓄。

在南非,Mpako(2007)完成了研究。该研究调查了,南非的重要银行作为中介,考虑到货币市场共同基金等替代机构的存在,这些基金通常被称为南非的货币市场单位信托基金。Mpako指出,“银行存款占银行总资产的比率在1997年至2007年期间一直在下降”。这种下降也归因于2001年的货币危机(Knedlik, 2006)。这项研究无法清楚地说明在南非是否发生了脱媒现象。

2.5 概念框架

因变量

自变量

概念框架确定了三个自变量和一个因变量。所测量的因变量是NBFI存款与银行存款总额的比率。NBFI存款的增长意味着投资者选择将资金转移到其他金融中介机构,如非银行金融机构,这将意味着一定程度的非中介化。在研究中要分析的一些自变量包括对C.R.B申购数量。如果消费者被列入主流银行的黑名单,他们很可能会转向非银行金融机构。共同基金引入的新产品等金融创新将影响非中介化。

第三章 数据分析、结果与讨论

    1. 介绍

本章介绍了肯尼亚商业银行金融脱媒决定因素的研究成果。 数据来源于2005-2015年期间公布的银行和共同基金公司网站,Safaricom网站和肯尼亚信用咨询局。研究中使用的自变量为:征信局(C.R.B)申购数量,共同基金新产品数量和M-Pesa交易数量。

    1. 描述性统计

本节提供了对研究中使用的数据变量的描述,以调查肯尼亚商业银行中金融脱媒的决定因素。表3.1提供了数据的摘要,其中给出了观测次数(N)、平均值和标准差。

表3.1:描述性统计

对C.R.B申购数量

共同基金的新产品数量

M-Pesa交易数量

2005

179966

11966

0

2006

289815

18115

0

2007

299824

19904

0

2008

1213944

27750

0

2009

1215456

32991

134109

2010

2215613

29999

790245

2011

2216201

31101

1303452

2013

3218555

34332

4454610

2014

4220100

30231

8321567

2015

5216008

31750

10445245

总和

20285482

272139

25449228

从调查结果来看,2005年,C.R.B的最低申购数量为179966,而2015年最高为5216008。调查结果显示,在十年期间,C.R.B的申购数量大幅增加。从结果来看,共同基金的新产品的最低数量是2005年的11966,而2015年最高的是34,332。调查结果显示,在10年期间,共有基金的新产品数量出现了不规则的趋势。M-Pesa交易的最低数量在前4年为0(2005年至2008年),而2015年最高为10445245。调查结果显示,在10年期间,M-Pesa交易的数量显著增加。

    1. 相关性

卡尔皮尔森的矩相关方法被用来分析金融非中介与各种独立变量之间的关系。 所研究的变量包括C.R.B申购数量,M-Pesa交易数量和共同基金新产品数量。表3.2表示相关矩阵。

表3.2:相关性

 

 

NBFI存款占银行存款总额的比例

对C.R.B申购数量

共同基金新产品数量

M-Pesa交易数量

NBFI存款占银行存款总额的比例

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

对C.R.B申购数量

皮尔森相关

0.522

1

 

 

Sig(2-tailed)

0.004

 

 

 

共同基金新产品数量

皮尔森相关

0.493

0.428

1

 

Sig(2-tailed)

0.002

0.145

 

 

M-Pesa交易数量

皮尔森相关

0.866

0.010

0.526

1

Sig(2-tailed)

0

0.244

0.360

 

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