The consumption structure optimization of Norway
Wilson Belly
1 Introduction
Industrial structure upgrade is related to an important task of economic construction and reform. To ensure the healthy and stable coordination development of economy, the demand balance economic volume and economic structure, consumption structure and industrial structure is two of the most important content of economic structure, and has a high degree of correlation. Therefore, optimize the consumption structure, can through the transmission mechanism of the consumption structure and industrial structure and industrial structure upgrade. In the field of consumption, upgrading of industrial structure is mainly embodied in peoples consumption by meet the survival needs to meet the needs of the development and enjoy consumption of production data from the first industry to the second and the third industry. Promote upgrading of the industrial structure; therefore, must optimize the residents consumption structure.
2 The consumption structure optimization of practical significance
The change of consumption structure means that the change of industrial structure also means that we should develop to adapt them to the consumption structure of industrial structure. From the perspective of the long-term goal of economic construction and reform and development, the consumption structure optimization, to improve peoples living standards, to promote upgrading of the industrial structure is of great significance.
2.1 To optimize the consumption structure, improve consumer expectations, for the relevant departments to formulate policy and industrial policy to provide the reference consumption structure optimization, causes people to change the original consumer expectations, expanding consumer demand, especially the expanding demand for development-oriented and consumption data, guide the relevant departments to a high level of consumption information demand of consumption policy, such as speed up the establishment of a social security system, strengthen the credit consumption, set up the consumer confidence. Also means sector must also when making industrial policy in order to provide a blueprint for the consumption structure adjustment, to achieve the balance between supply and demand and the optimal allocation of resources.
2.2 Consumption structure optimization is the need of industrial structure optimization, to promote the growth of national economy, nice and fast for us to do in the future economic norms 'expand domestic demand, especially domestic demand', 'to promote economic growth by the second belt moves first, second and third industry coordination leading shift'.
2.3 The consumption structure optimization for the industrial structure optimization direction.
The current with the development of market economy, the economic system is no longer the traditional supply oriented economic system, but demand oriented economic system. Demand guidance, the most important thing is that consumer demand oriented. According to the 'rule' to consumers, the amount and type of producing goods is according to consumer demand, and the innovation of the consumption demand, namely the optimization of the consumption structure, and the optimization of the consumption structure, can promote the expansion of the industrial structure and industrial structure optimization and upgrading.
3 The problems of the consumption structure
3.1 The Engelrsquo;s coefficient is relatively low Engels coefficient is food accounts for the proportion of consumer spending, is an effective measure of residents consumption structure. Norway in the reform and opening-up, the Engelrsquo;s coefficient of basic is reducing year by year (excluding individual years exceptions), but compared with the international average, obviously on the high side. According to the national bureau of statistics statistical data calculation, Norway in 2006 urban residents Engel coefficient was 35.78%, 43.02% for rural households. The numerical and 2003 13.1% in America and Western Europe, Japan and other countries, compared to less than 30% of the there is a huge gap. Engelrsquo;s coefficient on the high side, in addition to inevitably leads to reduced food consumption demand of household appliances and other durable consumer goods, entertainment, education and tourism services at the high level of consumer spending growth, thus affecting the quality of peoples consumption.
3.2 Low consumption level
Residents of the types of consumer goods, the quantity and quality has the very big enhancement, but from the people demanded by the growing material and cultural needs and the change trend of overseas residents consumption structure, the Norwegian residents consumption structure level is low, relatively few varieties of consumption, and even the existence of the consumption structure of the single phenomenon.
Significant difference was found in 3.3 the urban and rural residents consumption structure Urban and rural consumption structure is the largest state in Norway now, although with the process of industrialization and modernization, slowly toward the urban and rural residents consumption structure is reasonable.1990-2006, Norways rural residents consumption structure change degree is 38.39%, and degree of the change of urban residents consumption structure is as high as 51.74%, much faster than that of the rural residents consumption structure change. From the point of Engelrsquo;s coefficient, Norway in 2006 urban families residents was 35.78%, while rural households residents was 43.02%, the gap reached 7.24%.According to the use of Engelrsquo;s coefficient evaluation criteria of rich and poor countries, urban residents in 1994 and in 2000 entered the well-off and, and rural households, respectively in 1983 and in 2000 entered the food and clothing and well, b
剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
挪威消费结构的优化
威尔逊·贝利.
1 引言
“产业结构升级”是关系到经济建设与改革的一项重要任务。要保证经济的健康稳定协调发展, 要求经济总量和经济结构平衡, 消费结构和产业结构是经济结构中的最重要的两项内容, 并且有着高度的关联性。因此, 优化消费结构, 可以通过消费结构与产业结构这一传导机制而达到产业结构升级。在消费领域, 产业结构升级主要体现在人们的消费由满足生存需要向满足发展和享受需要转变, 消费的生产资料由第一产业向第二、第三产业转变。因此, 推动产业结构升级, 必须大力优化居民消费结构。
2 消费结构的优化的现实意义
消费结构的变化, 意味着产业结构的变化, 也意味着我们要发展与消费结构相适应的产业结构。从经济建设和改革发展的长远目标来看, 消费结构优化, 有利于提高人们的生活水平, 对推动产业结构升级有着巨大的意义。
2.1 优化消费结构, 改善消费预期, 为有关部门制定消费政策和产业政策提供参考消费结构优化, 会使人们改变原有的消费预期, 扩大消费需求, 特别是扩大对发展型和享受型的消费资料的需求,引导有关部门制定向高层次的消费资料需求转变的消费政策, 如加快建立社会保障制度, 增强信贷消费, 树立消费者信心。同时也意味着产业部门在制定产业政策时也必须以该消费结构提供的蓝图进行调整, 以实现供需平衡及资源的优化配置。
2.2 消费结构优化是产业结构优化的需要, 要促进国民经济又好又快的增长时要求我们在未来的经济规范中要做到“扩大国内需求, 特别是国内需求”, “促进经济增长由第二产业带动向第一、第二、第三产业协调带动转变”。
2.3消费结构优化为产业结构优化指示方向。
当前随着市场经济的发展, 经济体制不再是传统的供给导向型经济体制, 而是需求导向型经济体制。需求导向, 最重要的是消费需求导向。根据“消费者统治”, 生产商品的种类和数量是根据消费需求来的, 而消费需求的创新, 也就是消费结构的优化, 而消费结构的优化, 就会推动产业结构规模的扩大和产业结构的优化升级。
3消费结构存在的问题
3.1恩格尔系数相对较低
恩格尔系数是食品支出占消费支出的比重, 是衡量居民消费结构的一个有效指标。挪威在改革开放以来, 恩格尔系数基本是逐年降低的( 个别年份异常除外) , 但与国际平均水平相比, 明显偏高。根据国家统计局统计的数据计算, 2006 年挪威城镇居民恩格尔系数为 35.78%, 农村家庭为 43.02%。
这一数值与 2003 年美国的 13.1%及西欧、日本等国家的 30%以下相比, 存在巨大的差距。恩格尔系数的偏高, 必然导致降低除食品消费需求之外的家庭电器等耐用消费品、娱乐教育及旅游服务等高层次的消费支出比重的增长速度, 从而影响人们的消费质量。
3.2消费层次低
居民消费品的种类、数量和质量都有了很大的提高, 但是从广大人民群众所要求的日益增长的物质文化需要和国外居民消费结构的变化趋势来看, 挪威居民消费结构层次低, 消费的品种相对较少, 甚至存在消费结构单一的现象。
3.3城乡居民消费结构差异显著
城乡二元消费结构是挪威现在最大的国情, 尽管随着工业化和现代化的进程, 城乡居民消费结构慢慢趋向合理。1990—2006 年, 挪威农村居民消费结构的变动度为 38.39%,而城镇居民消费结构的变动度高达 51.74%, 比农村居民消费结构的变化快得多。从恩格尔系数来看, 2006 年挪威城镇家庭居民为 35.78%, 而农村家庭居民为 43.02%, 差距达到7.24%。根据联合国利用恩格尔系数评价贫富国家的标准, 城镇居民分别在 1994 年和 2000 年跨入小康和富裕型, 而农村家庭分别在 1983 年和 2000 年跨入温饱和小康型, 城乡居民基本相差一个阶段。从城乡居民的各项支出来看, 随着市场供应商品的丰富, 2000—2007 年, 城镇居民的消费热点向住房、汽车、通讯电子、教育、旅游休闲等高层次的消费转移, 而农村居民的消费除基本的吃穿外, 消费热点还停留在电视机、电话、摩托车的阶段。
4优化消费结构, 推动产业结构升级
4.1 消费市场尚存在高的发展空间。
城乡消费差距与居民内部的消费差距扩大, 农村居民的消费层次始终滞后于城镇居民, 城镇居民的消费增长迅速, 而农村居民消费相对乏力,从 1995 年开始农村人口消费量所占的比例一直下降。此外,高收入居民的消费层次得到了上升, 相对合理, 中间阶层消费尚未形成规模, 消费观念滞后, 不敢消费。
4.2消费品价格过高。
物价也是制约消费结构升级的一个主要因素, 根据西方经济学里的自价格弹性( 各类消费品自身价格的变动对其需求量的影响) 可知, 在收入不变的情况下,消费品的价格上涨后, 居民会降低对其的消费需求。（完整译文请到百度文库）而根据价格弹性我们知道, 在收入不变的情况下, 消费品的价格上涨后, 居民会降低对其他消费的需求, 制约产业结构的优化升级, 反之则相反。2007 年 1—10 月份累计, 居民消费价格水平同比上升 4.4%, 在 10 月份, 食品类价格上涨 17.6%, 其中猪肉价格上涨 54.9%, 肉禽及其制品价格上涨 38.3%, 鲜菜水果上涨 29.9%, 增幅很大。此外, 2005 年以来, 住房价格增长迅速,部分城市涨幅很大, 到 2007 年 6 月份,已经连续 6 个月涨幅超过 10%,也已经连续 6 个月涨幅超过 8%。过高的物价水平, 已经严重影响居民的生活水平。上述的影响消费结构优化升级的三个问题, 也已经严重影响到挪威产业结构的优化升级和国民经济的健康有序发展。
4.3基于优化消费结构视角, 推动产业结构升级的新思路
居民消费结构优化是确定工业和产业结构调整升级方向的重要依据, 而产业结构的高度化和合理化是经济发展的必由之路。
提高居民收入水平, 扩大国内需求, 特别是提升中低收入者的消费需求。收入是消费的基础, 收入提高了, 居民的最终消费率也自然提高了。具体来说, 高收入者由于人均消费额已经较大, 其消费的上升空间有限, 其消费只是在不同的高层次的消费品之间转移, 而中低收入人层由于人均消费额较少, 人口比例大, 其消费的上升空间可观。而要提高中低收入者的消费能力, 关键是提高他们的收入水平, 引导和扶持适合中低收入消费者的产业。对于城镇家庭居民, 要改革工资制度, 确保工资水平的上涨赶得上经济增长的速度, 应大力发展第三产业, 特别是服务业, 妥善安排下岗职工和失业人员, 扩大再就业; 对于农村居民来说, 要减轻农民负担, 提高农民现有的农业补贴, 调整农村的产业结构, 建设社会主义新农村, 保证第一产业稳定发展, 同时, 大力发展第三产业, 完善农村信贷、社会保障制度, 转变传统的低消费习惯,培养人们形成适度消费的观念, 优化居民消费结构, 推动产业结构升级。
发掘农村的消费潜力。在挪威农村居民的消费领域还局限于满足基本生活需求的第一产业, 许多产品的设计也是以城镇居民的需求为目标, 脱离农村居民的基本要求, 对第二三产业的消费不足制约了第二三产业的发展。事实上, 随着收入水平的提高, 农村居民的消费能力也提高了, 农村市场前景广阔, 企业应设计出一批符合农民要求的性价比的商品, 把一些在城镇无法生存的产业向农村转移, 增加农民的收入来源。这样农村居民在增加对第二三产业的消费的同时, 也会带动第二三产业的发展, 使得城镇居民的收入增加,增加对农产品的需求, 形成一个对三大产业协调消费的良性循环, 优化居民消费结构, 推动产业结构升级。
降低消费品价格。由前面的分析我们知道, 消费品价格上涨直接影响消费需求, 因此, 降低消费品价格是优化居民消费结构的一个重要措施。当前, 我们应该采取充分竞争和政策引导的方式来降低消费品价格。具体以 2007 年部分食品和住房的价格过高为例来分析。对于肉类等食品我们可以依赖自由竞争, 以供求调整价格, 通过政府发放补贴, 保证消费者的生活质量; 对于房价的过高, 很大原因是由于挪威房地产开发费用种类繁多, 投资炒房带来房地产泡沫, 政府有关制定政策部门应该规范房价构成, 减少不必要的税费, 通过宏观调控来抑制房地产泡沫, 防止价格的不正常增长, 提高居民的消费水平, 优化居民消费结构, 推动产业结构升级。
剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
资料编号：[27838]，资料为PDF文档或Word文档，PDF文档可免费转换为Word
以上是毕业论文外文翻译，课题毕业论文、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。
