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3D MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION BASED ON THE UNITY GAME ENGINE – ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
Ismail Buyuksaliha, Serdar Bayburta, Gurcan Buyuksaliha, A.P. Baskaracaa,
Hairi Karimb and Alias Abdul Rahmanb
aBogazici Insaat Musavirlik A.S., Eski TUYAP Binasi No. 50 Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey
{ismail.buyuksalih, serdar.bayburt, gurcan.buyuksalih, apeyami.baskaraca}@bimtas.istanbul
b3D GIS Research Group,
Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
wmhairigis@gmail.com and
alias@utm.my
KEY WORDS: 3D city modelling, 3D visualization, and Unity 3D game engine.
ABSTRACT
3D City modelling is increasingly popular and becoming valuable tools in managing big cities. Urban and energy planning, landscape, noise-sewage modelling, underground mapping and navigation are among the applications/fields which really depend on 3D modelling for their effectiveness operations. Several research areas and implementation projects had been carried out to provide the most reliable 3D data format for sharing and functionalities as well as visualization platform and analysis. For instance, BIMTAS company has recently completed a project to estimate potential solar energy on 3D buildings for the whole Istanbul and now focussing on 3D utility underground mapping for a pilot case study. The research and implementation standard on 3D City Model domain (3D data sharing and visualization schema) is based on CityGML schema version 2.0. However, there are some limitations and issues in implementation phase for large dataset. Most of the limitations were due to the visualization, database integration and analysis platform (Unity3D game engine) as highlighted in this paper.
- INTRODUCTION
Research progress on 3D technologies for city modelling standards (e.g. CityGML) and platforms (e.g. Unity3D game engine) resulting a variety of 3D GIS applications in bigger scale implementation, for example the estimation of potential solar energy from building rooftops and faccedil;ades of Istanbul city (Buyuksalih et al., 2017), another example of 3D city model for large city – city of New York by Kolbe et al. (2015).
3D applications have been developed with the capability to employ more specific 3D analyses (Kurakula and Kuffer 2008) such as noise distribution and solar energy estimation. Utilization of 3D city models for business or authority operations such as in urban planning are directly highlights the benefits of 3D city models (Moser et al., 2010).
Similarly, BIMTAS company has carried out a few projects for estimating potential solar energy on buildings and 3D underground utility mapping for Istanbul city.
The paper has been organized with a brief introduction on 3D GIS modelling standards, description of project area and Unity3D game engine as project implementation platform. Second section describes briefly on projects implementation for each project implementation process. Approach in developing 3D city modelling using Unity3D game engine platform will be described in section 3. Section 4 presents result of each
project/application, advantages and limitation of using Unity platform. Lastly section 5 highlights the conclusions of the paper and future outlook.
3D CityGML models are commonly used for applications which require 3D mapping, realistic simulation, better visualization and analysis. The model mostly consists of polygons as the surface either faccedil;ade, roof or more details building assessor such as balcony, doors and furniture.
CityGML version 2.0 offers five levels of detail (LoDs) to be incorporated in any 3D model (see Figure 1). A detailed level of CityGML model produces a better accuracy and precision of the measurement, visualization and analysis.
Figure 5 illustrates an example of different LoDs (LoD1 and LoD2) with respective analysis of shadow results. However, it consumed higher storage, graphic and processing of the devices (modelling hardware) compared to less detailed level. Thus, appropriate LoD should be carefully selected for any potential applications and desired accuracy on modelling or analysis.
Figure 1. The LoDs concept in CityGML v2.0 standard (Kolbe and Bacharach, 2006).
Unity is a cross-platform game engine designed to support and develops 2D and 3D video games, simulations for computers (e.g. Figure 2), virtual reality, consoles and mobile devices platform (Unity, 2017). It is commercial software developed by Unity Technologies. Unity 3D provides three dimensional manipulation and simulation through functions defined using programming languages.
The engine capable of making high quality games, design and develop 3D social network gaming platforms (Bae and Kim, 2014). In addition, 3D visualization, functions and attributes, intelligence and metric measurements can be done with Unity 3D encoding.
Figure 2. Examples of 3D scenes from Unityrsquo;s sample projects (Unity, 2017)
Unity has three important components (Unity, 2017);
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- A game engine: This allows the games to be created, tested and played in different environments.
- An application where the design or the user interface is put toget
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