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原文
Towards the Development of Intelligent Transportation Systems
Lino Figueiredo, Isabel Jesus, J. A. Tenreiro Machado, Jose Rui Ferreira, J. L. Martins de Carvalho
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the state of the art on Intelligent Transportation Systems. ITS involves a large number of research areas and, therefore, this paper focus on those we believe to be the most relevant. The main purpose is to study the achievements attained in the last years and to give an overview of possible directions towards future research.
Index Terms--Intelligent systems, Road vehicle location, Traffic control, Traffic information systems, Simulation and Modelling.
- INTRODUCTION
NOWADAYS we have a saturation of the transportation N infrastructures due to the growing number of vehicles over the last five decades. This situation affects our lives particularly in the urban areas, while people needs, more and more, to move rapidly between different places. The results are traffic congestion, accidents, transportation delays and larger vehicle pollution emissions. Several solutions were introduced to reduce these problems or their outcomes. Examples are the implementation safety systems, such as safety belts and airbags, and the construction of more and better roads and highways. Nevertheless, presently it is clear that building more roads to reduce traffic congestion is not the “right” solution, because is very expensive, while causing a considerable environmental impact, besides requiring a large space, which is an important limitation within urban areas. On the other hand, it is also straightforward that the improvement of the transport infrastructure is essential for the economical development. So, a compromise solution must be implemented.
The difficulties concerned with this subject motivated the research community to center their attention in the area of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems). This research studies the technologies and the scientific aspects with the purpose of develloping new systems capable of solving some of the refered problems.
By exploiting emerging intelligent transportation systems technologies, road-vehicle systems can be safer, more efficient and more environment friendly. While conventional road- vehicle systems depend almost entirely on human drivers, the modem road-vehicle systems will incorporate some intelligent systems technology to assist human operators.
ITS depend on results from research activities spread over many different areas such as electronics, control, communications, sensing, robotics, signal processing and information systems. This multidisciplinary nature increases the problemrsquo;s complexity because it requires knowledge transfer and cooperation among different research areas.
In this work we give an historical perspective and an overview of the state of the art on ITS. To fidfill that objective the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the evolution of the ITS over its different phases in Europe, U.S. and Japan. Section 3 identifies the major categories on ITS and presents several examples of real systems. Finally, section 4 discusses some of the possible directions towards hture developments of ITS.
11. ITS BACKGROUND
Intelligent Transportation Systems is a global phenomenon, attracting worldwide interest from transportation professionals, automotive industry and political decision makers. ITS applies advanced communication, information and electronics technology to solve transportation problems such as, traffic congestion, safety, transport efficiency and environmental conservation, as represented in fig. 1.
We can say that the purpose of ITS is to take advantage of the appropriate technologies to create “more intelligent” roads, vehicles and users.
ITS has been around since the 30s and it has been slowly creeping into our lives. The major developments on ITS were made in Europe, U.S. and Japan, and it has gone through tree phases [I]: preparation (1930-1980), feasibility study (1 980- 1995) and product development (1 995-present) as represented in fig. 2.
This is the first period of ITS development, where the technologies had not yet matured enough and constructing new roads was more attracting than developing ITS. The first ITS system, that most people considered to be “the original” ITS, was the electric traffic signals implemented in 1928. Later on, at the GM pavilion of the 1939 world fair in New York it was presented a concept for Automated Highway Systems (AHS). However, the ITS movement did not take root until the 60s, when appeared the first computer controlled traffic signals in US. From the late 60s up to 1970 in US was developed the ERGS (Electronic Route Guidance Systems), which used a two-way road vehicle communications to provide route guidance. During the 70s were developed the CACS (Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control System) [30] and the ALI (Autofahrer Leit und Information System) in Japan and Germany respectively, which are dynamic route guidance systems based on real traffic conditions [3]. This decade was also important for ITS, because introduced the microprocessor and the beginning of GPS development. These technologies are now major components of many ITS systems; nevertheless they were not associated with ITS at that time.
B. Feasibility study (1980-1995)
This phase is characterised by an explosion of development programs, both industry and government subsidized, in Europe, Japan and United States. Those programs were an outcome of the underlying concepts and basic technologies for ITS developed during the previous phase.
In Europe, govemments, companies and universities of 19 countries established the PROMETHEUS (Program for Europea
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