Coal Mine Monitoring Using ARM7 and ZigBee
Vaibhav Pandit1, Prof. U. A. Rane2
1M.E.Student, Dept. of Electronics amp; Telecommunication, S.S.G.M.C.E., Shegaon, India
2Dept. of Electronics amp; Telecommunication, S.S.G.M.C.E., Shegaon, India
Abstract— This paper presents design and development of underground coal mine monitoring using ARM7 and ZigBee. A sensor node is developed for sensing different environmental parameters of underground mine. The sensor node has feature of wireless communication using ZigBee transreceiver. Thus, sensor node can be deployed in different parts of mine using efficient topologies. All sensed data is digitized by internal ADCs of LPC2148 microcontroller which gives low power platform with fast execution. The system prototype developed has many advantages that makes it convenient to work in harsh environment of underground mine, monitoring concentration of deadly gases in its atmosphere along with temperature and humidity.
Keywords— ARM7, Coal Mine Methane, Mine Safety, ZigBee, GSM.
- INTRODUCTION
Economy majorly depends on countrylsquo;s natural resources which mainly include agriculture, forestry, fisheries and extraction of minerals through mining. In this paper we are concentrating mainly on underground coal mines and how the toxic gases can be monitored in order to control the mining operations keeping safety of workers. Underground mine environment is very complex and has more stringent requirements. It is seen that, the various environmental parameters of mine, such as methane, carbon monoxide, other toxic gases, temperature, oxygen, etc. are not monitored. In coal mines, the major emission is of methane. The methane released during and after mining operations is called Coal mine methane (CMM). The concentration of methane if passed through a certain range with oxygen, it can be ignited easily with the presence of an ignition source which create a violent methane explosion that may propagate in the presence of combustible coal dust. Hence, environment surrounding mine worker should be continuously monitored. If the conditions become unfavorable for working, mine worker be alerted to leave the place.
- LITERATURE REVIEW
Number of research works published in last few years in the field of mine safety has been studied giving following information.
- Mining Methods
The different methods adopted for efficient production of coal have been reviewed in [1]. The methods include – Longwall mining, Bord and pillar mining, Using draglines, Using truck and shovels, Continuous highwall mining, Auger mining. Case studies of mines Mount Thorley Warkworth mine, NSW, Curragh mine, QLD, Mount Arthur Coal mine, NSW, Australia shows advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
- Factors Affecting Mine Environment
Review Article [2] includes factors affecting specific emissions in underground coal mines and estimation methods with analysis of contributors for CMM emissions. Lastly world coal mine methane (CMM) overview has shown some constraints in India which makes safe mining in country a big challenge. They are lack of clarity about legal and regulatory issues, especially ownership of the gas; lack of technology and technical knowledge; lack of CMM resource assessment, technology selection, and formulation of feasibility studies; lack of pilot projects to demonstrate
site‐specific economic recovery and utilization; lack of infrastructure to utilize gas; lack of financing or capacity to obtain financing. In paper [3], Padampur OCP, India is selected for the study purpose. It showed that TSPM and PM10 are the major sources of emission from various opencast coal mining activities. Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) has been found to be most suitable for modeling of dispersion pattern of fugitive dust at Padampur Opencast Coalmine Project of W.C.L. In the paper [4] the author calculated and got the gas content of the multiple rocks and indexed them by certain method. Finally, the author got the total gas emission about the first coal mining face in the 11- 2 coal seam in Liuzhuang Coal Mine, China.
- Different Reports Showing Current Status of Coal Mining in India
In paper [5], multiple techniques in India adopted for tapping mineral base are discussed with advantages and disadvantages. Lack of modern techniques in India has been effectively pointed. Finally, contract mining has been suggested to introduce efficient practices.
Annual report [6] from Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India, 2011-12 [4] is studied. It has been found that initiatives have been taken to implement new technologies. But most of the technologies are imported from other nations. On comparison to other countries, the efforts towards inland technologies seem to be insufficient. Report [7] of the working group on occupational safety and health for the twelfth five year plan (2012 to 2017), government of india, ministry of labour and employment, august – 2011 is also studied for future planning in country for mine safety. Mineral Industry in India has examined constraints in the existing system in this report. Suggestions for improvement in occupational health and safety are made. The project [8] AUSTRALIA / INDIA MINE SAFETY TRAINING
introduced Indian officials to Longwall Face Support, Equipment Testing Standards and Approval Procedures, Underground Coal Mine Roadway Support and Pillar Extraction, New Technology in Hard Rock Mining, Open Cast Mining, Occupational Health and Safety, Mine Safety Management Systems and Environmental Management. Overview of Coal Mining in India: INVESTIGATION REPORT FROM DHANBAD COAL FIELDS [9] has
focused Coal Mining in India, The Dhanbad-Jharia coal- mining area, The Coal-M
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