Agricultural Management using Wireless Sensor Networks
- A Survey
Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of any Countryrsquo;s economy and there is a strong correlation between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. We need a new and effective technology which can improve continuously the productivity, profitability, sustainability of our major farming systems. In this paper we have discussed three types of Management systems used in Agriculture from remote area. In the first category we have discussed about the different systems used in Green House Management using Wireless sensor networks. In the second category we have discussed about the Irrigation Management using Wireless sensor networks. Finally we have also discussed about the Storage Management using Wireless Sensor Networks.
1. Introduction
Growing plants is both an art and a science. About 95% of plants, either food crops or cash crops are grown in open field. Since time immemorial, man has learnt how to grow plants under natural environmental conditions. In some of the temperate regions where the climatic conditions are extremely adverse and no crops can be grown, man has developed methods of growing some high value crop continuously by providing protection from the excessive cold, which is called as Greenhouse Technology. So, Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable environment condition to the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precipitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases. It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. This is possible by erecting a greenhouse, where the environmental conditions are so modified that one can grow any plant in any place at any time by providing suitable environmental conditions with minimum labor.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed sensors [1] to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.
A sensor node (mote) is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. it is made up of four basic components, sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit, and a power unit. Sensing units are usually composed of two subunits: sensors and Analog to digital converters. Each sensor node is capable of only a limited amount of processing and power. But when they are coordinated with other nodes in the network, they have the ability to communicate, measure and actuate in great detail.
2. Agricultural Management
2.1 Green House Management
Many wirelesses devices are introduced to monitor and control the Green House parameters like Humidity, water pH, wetness, soil wetness, Light intensity and temperature. In this category we have discussed about the different Green House Management systems. A Web based distant monitoring and control for greenhouse systems using the Sun SPOT modules presents a solution for distant monitoring and control of the greenhouse system via internet. It has a web based user interface with possibility of managing the sensors and actuators. This Web based distant monitoring system uses a high end PIC microcontroller based developer board with Ethernet adapter that will allow you to monitor and control the laboratory from any Internet connection. This solution offers a live video stream from the greenhouse#39;s camera and allows monitoring the growth of the plants. With the usage of Sun SPOT based wireless sensor network is realized the environment monitoring. The described system is highly customizable and easily adaptable to particular deployment requirements.
The green space monitoring system based on Wireless Sensor Network is designed to monitor environmental factors for urban green space. By using a Wireless Sensor Network, the real-time distribution of temperature and humidity gathered from the real environment clearly reflects the dynamics of temperature and humidity both inside and outside the green space. Meanwhile, the data of the heat absorbed and the humidity released by urban green space can also be obtained. Finally, it is obvious that temperature and humidity were different inside and outside the urban green space, the green space has a positive effect on cooling and humidifier, and the trend of the changes in the temperature and humidity is gradually “pervasive” from east to west.
The WSN based automatic control system to prevent dew condensation in the greenhouse environments has come up with the solution for different problem. This system is composed of sensor nodes for collecting data, base nodes for processing collected data, relay nodes for adjusting the environment inside a greenhouse and an environment server for storage and processing of collected data. Using the Barenbrug formula for calculating the dew point on the leaves, this system is realized to prevent a dew condensation phenomenon on the crop#39;s surface acting as an important element in diseases generation. They also constructed a test bed the usual greenhouse in order to verify the performance of their system with regard to dew condensation control.
An Embedded systems approach to Monitor Green House is an approach to measure parameters in the Green house. They have designed a system consists of sensor circuits, PIC microcontroller, RS 232 serial communication, LCD module to display the parameters, GSM modem to update user, mobile receiver, and required power supply unit. The output of the sensors are given has input to the micro controller to control, display the parameters and update the owner. Any parameter changing with set parameter
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译文
基于传感器网络的农业管理研究
摘要
农业是国家经济的支柱,农业的增长对经济的繁荣昌盛有着重要关系。我们需要一个新的、有效的技术,可以不断提高生产力,盈利能力,稳定持续的来保证农业系统的发展。在本文中,我们讨论三种应用于偏远地区的农业类型的管理系统。在第一类,我们讨论使用无线传感器网络进行温室管理。在第二类,我们讨论使用无线传感器网络对灌溉进行管理。最后,我们讨论使用无线传感器网络进行存储管理。
1.简介
种植植物是一门艺术和科学的结合。大约95%的植物,粮食作物和经济作物生长在空旷的田野。自古以来,人类学会了如何在自然环境条件下种植植物。在一些气候条件极为不利的温带地区,没有作物可以种植,人类发明出保护高价值作物不被极寒条件伤害的方法,被称为温室技术。因此,温室技术是一种为作物提供最舒适环境的技术。确切来说它保护植物免受不利气候条件如风、寒冷,降水、过度辐射、极端温度、昆虫和疾病。它也是为作物创造最理想的精确气候的一个重要保障。建造一个温室可以让环境条件可变,这使得用最小的劳动力创造一个可以在任何时间地点种植作物的合适环境变得可能。
无线传感器网络(WSN)是由空间分布式传感器监控物理或环境条件如温度、声音、振动、压力、运动或污染物,它们相互合作通过网络将数据传递给一个主机。
一个传感器节点(微粒)能够进行一些处理,比如收集感官信息,与其他网络中的连接节点进行沟通。它由四个基本组件组成,传感单元、一个处理单元、一个收发器单元和电源单元。传感单元通常是由两个单元组成,它们是传感器和模数转换器。每个传感器节点只有有限的处理能力和权力。但当他们与网络中的其它节点连接,它们就具备了协调沟通的能力,对很小的细节进行测量和动作。
2.农业管理
2.1.温室管理
许多无线电设备被引进来监视和控制温室参数如湿度、水的pH值,湿润,土壤湿度,光照强度和温度。在这个类别中,我们讨论关于不同的温室管理系统。一个基于远程监测和控制温室系统的网站,利用太阳黑子模块通过互联网提出了一种解决远程监测和控制温室系统的方案。它有一个基于用户界面和管理传感器和致动器可能性的网站。这种基于使用高端基于PIC单片机开发板与以太网适配器结合的远程监控系统,将允许您通过任何网络连接点来监视和控制实验室。这个解决方案提供了一个用实时视频的温室相机来监测植物的生长过程的方法。基于无线传感器网络的太阳黑子使用实现了环境监测。上面所描述得系统是按需可定制的,并且很容易适应特定的部署需求。
基于无线传感器网络的温室监测系统被用来监控城市绿地的环境因素。通过使用无线传感器网络,从实际环境中收集的实时温度和湿度的分布清楚地反映了温室内部和外部温度和湿度的动态。与此同时,也可以获得城市绿地的热量吸收和湿度的数据。最后,很明显,城市绿地内部和外部的温度和湿度是不同的,绿地具有积极的冷却和加湿作用,温度和湿度从东到西逐渐的变化趋势“无处不在”。
以自动控制系统为基础以防止露水在温室环境凝结的WSN,提出了不同的问题的解决方案。该系统由传感器节点收集数据,基本节点收集数据进行处理,中继节点调整温室内部环境和服务器环境,收集数据并进行存储和处理。在叶子上使用Barenbrug公式进行露点计算,该系统防止了在作物表面出现露水凝结现象,对作物造成病害。他们还构建了一个常见的温室测试床上,以验证系统对露水凝结控制的性能。
嵌入式系统方法来监测温室是一种测量温室参数的方法。他们设计了一个系统由传感器电路、PIC单片机,RS 232串行通信,液晶模块的系统来显示参数,GSM调制解调器来更新用户、移动接收机和供电单元。传感器输出,微控制器给定输入,显示参数和更新所有者。任何参数变化与温室系统设置参数,微控制器将定期阅读和存储,反过来它通过发送短信服务提供商更新用户。程序写在微芯片的MPLAB IDE 8.4。
由于不同植物对温室的要求不同,一个特殊的被用来监控温度、湿度和发光的监控系统使用在了花朵的培养上。本文建议使用无线传感器网络监测系统的应用于花卉作物。技术的发展使得无线传感器网络领域的研究空前增长,研究人员预测无线传感器应用程序将无处不在。由于传感器节点的能量存储能力有限,能源消耗是这些网络的最具挑战性的方面,这方面不同的策略和协议处理也是一难题。一个新的基于无线传感器网络(WSN)的低功耗温度和湿度监测系统方案被提出来克服目前存在的弱点。本文在基站和从站使用星型拓扑网络的结构,和微控制器单元(MCU)为主要控制装置。从站使用SHT11数字温度和湿度传感器来完成数据采,、通过低功率、多通道nRF905收发器芯片与基站交换数据。本文介绍了基站的硬件和软件,使用通信协议和跳频(FH)机制,确保数据传输的可靠性,提高系统的鲁棒性。结果表明,该系统的优点是轻便,灵活安排,大覆盖范围,低功耗,小扰动。
传感器网络和模糊控制是针对环境信息监测的特点,多参数监测系统是基于低功耗ZigBee无线通信技术由新荣昌设计出,来提高系统自动化和监测的总体水平。温度和湿度的监测结果表明,该系统是稳定的,高数据传输可靠和易于使用,并且可以广泛应用于各领域的环境参数的自动监测。
另一个实用的节能方法是在不同的环境中来验证系统的效率。本研究应用新技术建立活跃和智能的,关注系统操作,而不是材料或组件的节能系统,它具备自动检测机制和auto-judged端代理软件,然后通过双向无线通信接口提供反馈控制信号,该系统可以有效地实现节能的目标。基于安卓移动平台的温室环境监控技术一种先进的技术,它被引入到了不同的监控系统中。在这篇文章中,他们使用手机作为监控终端,监控温室环境。
最近,为农业生产安全和低成本的食品生产智能系统正在开发。植物工厂通过种植多种高产作物、高效利用土地和资源来实现高收益。植物的生长需要保持湿度,温度、二氧化碳浓度、光照强度,这些因素需要自动化系统的监控和保持。在这篇文章中,他们提出了一个基于由ZigBee无线网状网络组成,并通过互联网远程监控的控制系统的LED植物工厂。一个系统主要新奇的地方是它使用LED照明代替荧光灯,因为LED低功耗,长寿命和有用的窄带。LED照明系统提供了一种高效、经济的照明系统,根据光照条件和日益增长的需求,通过改变光强度和频率,促进了植物的生长,而且还有助于降低生产成本和加速增长。原型的系统已经安装在温室的一小角落。数据采集和远程管理系统已经显示出非常令人满意的性能。
无线传感器网络(WSN)被定义为执行一个特定任务的传感器节点的集合,他们代表一个高自动化和提高作物管理的技术解决方案。本文总结了通过实现无线传感器网络的基础设施来控制环境参数,以此提供一个有效的控制机制的小气候温室的工作。番茄的作物被选为物理网络拓扑部署研究的案例。此外,管理数据应用程序开发应考虑可用性参数,以创建一个被未来用户容易接受的工具。
2.2.灌溉管理
现在人们正在积极发展智能灌溉系统,因为他们在节省劳力和节水有很大优势。以其简单的安装和维护著名的无线技术,被认为有优势去开发自动灌溉网,已经成为一个热门研究。水存储控制是一个关键措施,尤其是在农业活动的灌溉系统。确保水库的水总是在适当的水平,当它达到最高水平,能够流向灌溉系统,以防止对周围地区造成洪涝,是很重要的。水库处于低水平时,从其他来源的的水流被流入,来保持合适水平的存储。
水灌溉控制监测的无线传感器网络(WSN)由大量传感器节点和网络组成,可以达到一个特别的和持续的监控目的。水存储控制所涉及的参数,如大门控制水流的水位和电动机运动,将由传感器实时测量,将数据发送到基站或控制/监控的房间。在本文中,由ZigBee技术与内部IEEE 802.15.4兼容的收发器结合的WSN,简单的水流控制电路的基本设计和实现被提了出来。开发平台成本低廉,并且可以轻易定制。一些测量评估系统的可靠性和有效性的初步结果也被提出了。
精密灌溉是节水农业种植中一个重要的实践,生产商可以在节约用水的同时最大化他们的生产力。但是很难获得准确的灌溉量,因为影响因素实在太多。为了解决这个问题,本文设计了基于ET的灌溉量和土壤水分的模糊算法。并且土壤水分和作物蒸散(ET)被选作为模糊控制器的输入变量。无线传感器网络(WSN)被用来传输灌溉控制信号,包括土壤水势分信号和相对湿度、空气温度、太阳辐射、风速等等。测试结果表明,该方法和系统有很多优势,如经济、实用、高通信可靠性和控制精度。
目前,节省劳力,节省水技术在灌溉上是一个关键问题。本文提出了一个基于ZigBee的智能灌溉系统的无线解决方案,已运用在中国浙江丽水的黑木耳种植上。本文分别详细阐述了无线传感器/执行器节点和便携式控制器的硬件体系结构和软件算法,在ZigBee无线传感器网络扮演着终端设备和协调员的角色。
2.3.储藏管理
近年来食品价格不断上涨,所以运用农业科学技术的推广安来解决粮食储藏的安全问题日益紧迫。随着信息技术的快速发展,传统的手工测量粮仓的温湿度方法再也不能满足农业发展的需要。随着传感器网络技术的发展,采用智能化控制粮仓的温度和湿度是一个必然趋势。我们讨论了两个监测粮仓的温度和湿度的存储管理系统。本文开发的无线传感器网络测试和控制仓库的温度和湿度。具体步骤紧跟着处理从湿度和温度传感器收集的变量信息,通过使用ZigBee协议,他们将转移所有这些节点之间的无线数据传输的数据包,然后将其发送到电脑。在上位机界面,它将显示仓库的温度和湿度。如果参数超过了电脑设定值的范围,他们可以通过通风系统做出相应的调整,然后使他们变得合理。
另外还有一个使用XBee / XBee Pro模块实现的系统。文中设计并实现了一种对粮库的温度和湿度稳定性能进行监测三维传感器网络监测系统,包括数据采集、传输、存储等,这些节点可以使用电池提供能量,安装方便。该系统已广泛应用于中小型粮仓。由徐玲发明的基于无线传感器网络自动监控系统对于粮仓储存是一个新的概念。该系统由自动监测单元和接收单元组成,运用智能传感器技术和无线通信技术,一种近年来广受欢迎的传感器网络形式。它可广泛用于粮仓的温湿度监测系统。
3.致谢
在此衷心感谢学院和团队成员对此研究的不懈努力。
外文原文
Agricultural Management using Wireless Sensor Networks
- A Survey
Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of any Countryrsquo;s economy and there is a strong correlation between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. We need a new and effective technology which can improve continuously the productivity, profitability, sustainability of our major farming systems. In this paper we have discussed three types of Management systems used in Agriculture from remote area. In the first category we have discussed about the different systems used in Green House Management using Wireless sensor networks. In the second category we have discussed about the Irrigation Management using Wireless sensor networks. Finally we have also discussed about the Storage Management using Wireless Sensor Networks.
1. Introduction
Growing plants is both an art and a science. About 95% of plants, either food crops or cash crops are grown in open field. Since time immemorial, man has learnt how to grow plants under natural environmental conditions. In some of the temperate regions where the climatic conditions are extremely adverse and no crops can be grown, man has developed methods of growing some high value crop continuously by providing protection from the excessive cold, which is called as Greenhouse Technology. So, Greenhouse Technolo
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