通过学校评估,培养数学教师的创造力教学
Zaleha Ismail, Yudariah Mohammad Yusof, Helen Pappu Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia bFaculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
摘要:在马来西亚学校引入校本评估(SBA)可以看作是为教师在课堂上培养创造力提供空间。对数学课堂实施SBA的数学教师创造性培养行为水平进行了研究。在问卷调查的基础上,编制了两组问卷,分别对教师的自我报告和学生的教师行为知觉进行了评价。调查对象包括246名数学教师和492名一年级学生。研究结果表明,教师在数学教学中表现出较高的创造性行为培养水平。研究表明,SBA的实施确实为教师在数学课堂中培养创造性行为提供了机会。
关键词:校本评估; 创造性行为; 数学课堂;
1.引言
由于教育部马来西亚(MOE)在1980年的动态步骤中整合了创造性元素在学校课程中,从现在过时的综合课程KBSR和KBSM到最近的标准课程KSSR和KSSM。马来西亚的学校教育被认为是以教师为中心,以考试为导向(利姆&热线风速表2007;英拉拉尔和查普曼,2003)。事实上,被称为死记硬背、僵化和扼杀创造力的方法在亚洲学校很常见(Beech, 2002).
国家教育蓝图2006-2010年的重点是培养自信、有创造力和全面发展的学生,这促使了以学校为基础的评估(SBA)的引入。因此,给教师创造更多的空间来培养创造力,从而培养学生的高阶思维技能(MOE,2007;2012;FaZAH,2011)。感兴趣的是,在几年的实施之后,教师在数学课堂中是否表现出了培养创造力的重要行为?本研究旨在寻求答案。
2.校本评估(SBA)
以学校为基础的评估是指对学生在课堂上的评价(伊万斯,2012),也被称为“持续评估”、“评估学习”和“形成性评价”(拉杰普特等,2005;布莱克等人,2003)。它被认为是一个整体的评估,评估认知(智力),情感(情感和精神)和精神运动(物理)方面。特点包括广泛的评估任务和技能,灵活性,以及开放式问题的使用(艾哈迈德和威廉姆斯,1994)。在学校内进行的书面测验,如测验、测验和考试通常不包括在内(伊万斯,2012)。
作为内容专家,教师负责创建与学习结果一致的质量评估。这为教师提供了不断监控学生并给予建设性反馈以提高他们的学习的机会(布朗,沙姆西亚等人,2010;防空协作部队,2011)。间接地帮助教师制定有效的教学策略,以提高不同能力的学生的学习(曼索,2012)。
评分标准由马来西亚考试委员会制定。评估基准作为国家教育标准的基准。标准语句(见表1)是根据从波段1到波段6(BPK,2012)的波带,其排列在具有行为表现的描述的层次结构中(莱姆巴加 佩佩克桑, 2011)
表1:每个波段的描述
波段 |
标准表现 |
1 |
了解数学基础知识 |
2 |
了解和掌握数学基础知识 |
3 |
了解、理解并能运用数学的基本技能。 |
4 |
了解、理解并能以系统的方式解决数学问 |
5 |
运用数学知识和技巧,用多种方法解决复杂问题。 |
6 |
掌握和运用数学知识和技能,具有创造性、创新性和有效性。 |
所使用的工具包括问题解决、讨论、项目工作、剪贴簿、档案袋、调查、培训和测试,并且可能涉及非正式评估,如课堂观察。学生的成绩以过程、产品或学生本身的形式被报道(莱姆巴加 佩佩克桑,2011)。SBA赋予教师自主权,帮助教师和学生识别他们的长处和弱点。
3. 创造力培养行为(CFB)
创造力是以新的和不寻常的方式思考问题的解决方法的能力(桑特洛克,2009)。在课堂教学中,克罗普利(1992)把它比作发散思维,认为创造力是产生原创、创造性和新颖思想的能力。对于吉尔福德(1967),发散思维被认为是创造力的一个特征。关注的是提供激发实践智慧的创造性实践(斯腾伯格和瓦格纳,1989),思考(斯腾伯格等人,1995),以及解决问题。
另一个挑战是创造一个支持学生的动机和创造性行为的环境。诸如小组讨论或成对工作等活动鼓励学生与他们的朋友交流数学思想,从而促进认知发展和思维组织(西蒙顿,1988)。此外,教师自身需要灵活、开放地向创造性的观念和态度和价值观独立思考。
4.学习目的
本研究的目的是从教师的自我报告和学生的感知,来识别马来西亚数学教师在SBA实施数学课堂中的创造力培养行为水平,并确定它们之间的关系的可能性。
5.方法
5.1参与人
参与者包括马来西亚一个州的246名教师和492名学生。它们的背景在下面的表2和表3中进行了总结。
表2:老师的背景信息
项目 |
背景信息 |
人数 |
所占百分比 |
|
1 |
性别 |
男性 |
79 |
32.1 |
女性 |
167 |
67.9 |
||
2 |
教学经验 |
少于5年 |
87 |
35.4 |
5到10年 |
84 |
34.1 |
||
超过10年 |
75 |
30.5 |
||
3 |
学历 |
硕士 |
13 |
5.3 |
本科 |
201 |
81.7 |
||
主任 |
32 |
13.0 |
||
博士学位 |
0 |
0.0 |
||
4 |
选择权 |
旁观者 |
207 |
84.1 |
非旁观者 |
39 |
15.9 |
246名教师中男79例(女32.11%例),女167例(67.89%)。至于教学经验,受访者的数量几乎相等地分布在指定的年份。大部分教师为本科学历(81.7%),少数硕士学位(13%),无博士学位。几乎所有的老师都把数学作为他们的主要选择。
表3显示,在492表格1学生中,男性193人(39.23%),女性299人(60.77%)。大多数参加者是马来族人。一半学生在UPSR(小学国家考试)中获得A级成绩,其余学生获得B级或C级。
表3:学生的背景信息
项目 |
背景信息 |
人数 |
所占百分比 |
|
1 |
性别 |
男性 |
193 |
39.2 |
女性 |
299 |
60.8 |
||
2 |
种族 |
马来人 |
403 |
81.9 |
中国人 |
77 |
15.7 |
||
印度人 |
10 |
2.0 |
||
其他 |
2 |
0.4 |
||
3 |
UPSR数学结果 |
A |
262 |
53.3 |
B |
176 |
35.8 |
||
C |
54 |
11.0 |
||
D |
0 |
0 |
||
E |
0 |
O |
5.2仪器
数据采用两套问卷进行调查,一组为自我报告教师,另一组为评价教师行为的学生。运用SOH(2000)、创造力培养教师指数(CFT)对教师的创造力培养行为进行测量。问卷由45个项目组成:九个创造性的培养行为(CFB)由克罗普利(1997)确定如下:
1. 独立性: 鼓励学生独立学习。
2. 整合: 具有合作、社会一体化的教学风格。
3. 动机: 激发学生掌握实际知识,为发散思维打下坚实基础。
4. 判断: 延迟学生的意见,直到他们已经彻底地制定和明确制定。
5. 灵活性: 鼓励灵活的思维。
6. 评价: 促进学生自我评价。
7. 问题: 认真对待学生的建议和问题。
8. 机会: 在不同的条件下给学生提供各种材料的工作机会。
9. 挫败感:帮助学生学会应对挫折、失败和失望,这样他们才有勇气尝试新的和不寻常的东西。
每个CFB包含五个项目,项目使用六点利克特量表来测量。统计推理测试的克龙巴赫阿尔法alpha;值为0.96。根据费希尔(2007),项目可靠性,即0.99,是优秀的基于评级规模的仪器质量标准,从而验证仪器结构效度。
6.发现与讨论
图1显示了教师自我报告的平均分数。得分最高的是判断(4.80),其次是独立性(4.68),机会(4.47),评价(4.46),灵活性(4.43),动机(4.41),问题(4.36),整合(4.33)和最后挫折(4.30)。九个CFB中有七的教师表现出较高的教师创造性培养行为。总体而言,平均均值为4.47,这表明数学教师在SBA系统中有很高的创造力培养行为。
独立性 整合 动机 判断 灵活性 评价 问题 机会 挫败感
图1:基于教师自我报告的CFB平均得分
教师最常被培养的两个CFB分别是判断和独立,二者的判断最高。一些教师低调地报告了培养整合、提问和挫折的能力。虽然参与这项研究的教师人数很少,但有关的问题是值得关注的。
一般来说,138个(56.10%)教师声称他们的数学课堂中培养创造性行为的水平很高(见图2)。107个教师认为自己是中等的(43.50%),只有1个(0.41%)的教师报告较差的培养行为。
图2:基于教师自我报告的SBA创造力培养水平
虽然我们可以看到,教师有一个高的循环流化床,但也有许多教师在中等水平。教师的CFB水平的原因可能是由于过渡
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Creativity Fostering Behavior of Mathematics Teachers through the Implementation of School Based Assessment
Zaleha Ismaila, Yudariah Mohammad Yusofb, Helen Pappuc aFaculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia bFaculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
p-zaleha@utm.my, yudariah@utm.my
cMinistry of Education, Malaysia
Abstract
The introduction of School Based Assessment (SBA) in Malaysian schools can be seen as providing space for teachers to foster creativity in their classroom. A study was conducted to determine the level of creativity fostering behavior of mathematics teachers involved in the implementation of SBA in the mathematics classroom. Two sets of questionnaire were developed based on the work by Cropley to evaluate the teachersrsquo; self-report and studentsrsquo; perception of teachersrsquo; behavior respectively. The respondents consist of 246 mathematics teachers and 492 year one secondary school students. The findings gave indication that the teachers showed high level of fostering creativity behavior in the teaching and learning of mathematics. The implication of the study is that the implementation of SBA do provides opportunities for teachers to foster creative behavior in their mathematics classroom.
Introduction
Since 1980rsquo;s dynamics steps has been taken by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) in integrating creativity elements in the school curriculum, starting from the now outdated integrated curriculum KBSR and KBSM to the recent standard curriculum KSSR and KSSM. School education in Malaysia has been viewed as teacher-centered and examination oriented (Lim amp; Hwa 2007; Indramalar amp; Chapman, 2003). Indeed, the approach labeled as rote learning, rigid and stifles creativity is quite common in Asian schools (Beech, 2002).
The National Education Blueprint 2006-2010 focus on producing confident, creative and well-rounded students and this instigated the introduction of the school based assessment (SBA). Thus, giving more space for teachers to foster creativity and consequently develop studentsrsquo; competencies in higher order thinking skills (MOE, 2007; 2012; Faizah, 2011). It is of interest that after several years of implementation, are the teachers showing any significant behavior in fostering creativity in mathematics classroom? This study was conducted to seek the answer.
School Based Assessment (SBA)
School based assessment refers to assessment of students in a classroom (Evans, 2012) and are also known as “continuous assessment”, “assessment for learning” and “formative assessment” (Rajput et al., 2005; Black et al., 2003). It is considered a holistic assessment that assess the cognitive (intellectual), affective (emotional and spiritual) and psychomotor (physical) aspects. Features include a wide range of assessment tasks and skills, flexibility, and the use of open ended questions (Ahmed and Williams, 1994). Written test carried out within the school such as quizzes, test and examinations are not usually included (Evans, 2012).
As content experts, teachers are responsible to create quality assessments align to the learning outcomes. This provides opportunities for teachers to continuously monitor students and give constructive feedback to improve their learning (Brown, 2001; Shamsiah et al., 2010; AACU, 2011). Indirectly, it helps teachers to develop effective teaching strategies to enhance the learning of students with different abilities (Mansor, 2012).
Grading criteria is set by the Malaysian Examination Board. The Assessment Reference Standards is used as a benchmark for the national education standards. The standard statements (see Table 1) are categories according to bands from Band 1 up to Band 6 (BPK, 2012) which are arranged in a hierarchy with descriptions of the behavioral performance (Lembaga Peperiksaan, 2011).
BAND |
STANDARD STATEMENT |
1 |
Know basic knowledge of mathematics |
2 |
Know and understand basic knowledge of mathematics |
3 |
Know, understand and can use basic skill of mathematics. |
4 |
Know, understand and can solve math problems in a systematic way. |
5 |
Using knowledge and skills of mathematics in solving complex problems by various methods. |
6 |
Mastering and apply knowledge and skills of mathematics in creative, innovative and effective manner. |
Table 1: Descriptors of each band
Tools used include problem solving, discussions, project work, scrapbooks, portfolio, investigation, training and testing and may involve informal assessments such classroom observation. Studentsrsquo; achievements are reported in the form of process, product or the students themselves (Lembaga Peperiksaan, 2011). SBA gives autonomy to teachers in the administration and helps both teachers and students to identify their strengths and weaknesses.
Creativity Fostering Behavior (CFB)
Creativity is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways about the solution method to problems (Santrock, 2009). In classroom instruction, Cropley (1992) likens it to divergent thinking and views creativity as the ability to produce original, creative and novel ideas. For Guilford (1967), divergent thinking is considered a characteristic of creativity. The concern is in providing creative practices that stimulate practical intelligence (Sternberg amp; Wagner, 1989), thinking (Sternberg et al., 1995), and solving problems.
Another challenge faced is in creating an environment that supports studentsrsquo; motivation and creative behavior. Activities such as, group discussions or working in pairs encou
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