英文原文
Type of Volunteer Experience and Health Among Older Adult Volunteers（节选）
1.Introduction
This project focuses on older adults in the role of volunteers for a community organization, in this case, a hospital. A consideration of the impact of volunteer participation on the patients or the hospital mission is beyond the scope of this investigation. Rather, we are interested in the relationship between the type of the volunteer experience and the health of older adult volunteers. Thus, the operating research question examines whether the type of volunteer participation is correlated with physical health or psychological well-being among older volunteers. Implications for social work practice and policy are discussed in terms of volunteer recruitment and retention, and the need for more significant volunteer roles, especially for low-income older adults.
2.Methods
2.1 Objective
To ascertain if the type of volunteer experience was related to the physical health or psychological well-being of older adult volunteers. A central pattern emerged from the data: the type of, as well as the number of, hours donated to avolunteer activity were associated with psychological well-being. Implications for social workers involved with volunteer programs and services are discussed in terms of volunteer recruitment and retention, and the need to develop more significant volunteer roles, especially for low-income older adults.
2.2 Research Design
The study employed a cross-sectional, survey research design. After pretesting, each participant received a mailed survey, postage-paid return envelope, and a cover letter that explained the purpose, voluntary nature, and auspices of the study.
2.3 Instrument
Formal volunteer activities were assessed via 16 lsquo;lsquo;yes-norsquo;rsquo; items designed to tap the qualitative (e.g., type of volunteer activity, motivation, previous experience) as well as the quantitative aspects of volunteer participation (e.g.,number of organizations volunteered for, number of hours donated, frequency of volunteer activities). In total, the protocol contained 36 items and required approximately 15-30 minutes to complete.
3.Literature Review
3.1 Definition of volunteering for the elderly
Volunteerism among older adults has typically been defined in two ways.Caregiving within a kin family network is usually considered informal volunteering. Donating time to an organization is labeled as formal volunteering.Our study drew on previous investigations of formal volunteering among older adults that examined who volunteers, how much time is donated, and assessed the link between volunteerism and physical health and/or psycho-logical well-being.
In examining who volunteers, many investigators found a positive correlation between the likelihood of formal volunteering and the demographic variables of education or income.
More mixed results were reported for the demographic variables of genderand marital status. Several studies determined that married people were more likely to volunteer than unmarried adults. Concerning gender, the findings of Chambre (1984) and others that women volunteered more than men have been countered by inves-Downloaded by Tulane Universit .
3.2 Proportion of older people who volunteer
A second branch of the previous research focused on the percentage ofolder adults who volunteer and the amount of time they donate. In this regard,empirical studies have revealed an upward trend in the proportion of elders who volunteer (Chambre, 1993).
In consistencies have been moreevident in the studies of psychological well-being and volunteerism. On the one hand,volunteerism and life satisfaction were positively correlated in studies conducted by Gray and Kasteler (1970), Hulbert and Chase (1991), Hunter and Lin (1980-81), and Luks and Payne (1991). On the other, Ward (1979)found life satisfaction unrelated to participation in volunteer activities, while an inverse relationship between volunteerism and morale was reported by Mellinger and Holt (1982), and Newman, Vasudev, and Baum (1983).
Thus,despite the oft-repeated idea that volunteerism is a means of achieving a sense of meaning, generativity, or psychological well-being in later adulthood，the empirical data continues to raise questions about the link between volunteer activity and psychological well-being.
3.3 Comprehensive conclusion
Taken together, the previous research has shed considerable light on organizational volunteerism among older adults. Descriptive information has been gathered, especially about who volunteers among the older population,and how much time they donate. However, the knowledge base in this area is small, and fails to adequately address whether the type of volunteer activity is related to the health of older volunteers. Therefore, crucial aspects of volunteer behavior in old age remain unknown.
This article examines the organizationally-based volunteer activities that can be observed among a sample of older adults. In particular, the link between the type of volunteer activity and health is assessed with the following research question: Is the type of the volunteer experience related to the physical health or psychological well-being of older adult volunteers? The implications of our findings for social work practice and policy are discussed in the concluding section of the paper.
4.Results
The results indicated that those with higher income levels were more likely to have volunteered in the past as compared to those with lower incomes. In addition, a t-test enabled us to compare the number of years of education for those who volunteered with younger versus older people. The results showed that those with more education were more likely to have contact
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目 录
Type of Volunteer Experience and Health Among Older Adult Volunteers 3
英文原文
Type of Volunteer Experience and Health Among Older Adult Volunteers（节选）
1.Introduction
This project focuses on older adults in the role of volunteers for a community organization, in this case, a hospital. A consideration of the impact of volunteer participation on the patients or the hospital mission is beyond the scope of this investigation. Rather, we are interested in the relationship between the type of the volunteer experience and the health of older adult volunteers. Thus, the operating research question examines whether the type of volunteer participation is correlated with physical health or psychological well-being among older volunteers. Implications for social work practice and policy are discussed in terms of volunteer recruitment and retention, and the need for more significant volunteer roles, especially for low-income older adults.
2.Methods
2.1 Objective
To ascertain if the type of volunteer experience was related to the physical health or psychological well-being of older adult volunteers. A central pattern emerged from the data: the type of, as well as the number of, hours donated to avolunteer activity were associated with psychological well-being. Implications for social workers involved with volunteer programs and services are discussed in terms of volunteer recruitment and retention, and the need to develop more significant volunteer roles, especially for low-income older adults.
2.2 Research Design
The study employed a cross-sectional, survey research design. After pretesting, each participant received a mailed survey, postage-paid return envelope, and a cover letter that explained the purpose, voluntary nature, and auspices of the study.
2.3 Instrument
Formal volunteer activities were assessed via 16 lsquo;lsquo;yes-norsquo;rsquo; items designed to tap the qualitative (e.g., type of volunteer activity, motivation, previous experience) as well as the quantitative aspects of volunteer participation (e.g.,number of organizations volunteered for, number of hours donated, frequency of volunteer activities). In total, the protocol contained 36 items and required approximately 15-30 minutes to complete.
3.Literature Review
3.1 Definition of volunteering for the elderly
Volunteerism among older adults has typically been defined in two ways.Caregiving within a kin family network is usually considered informal volunteering. Donating time to an organization is labeled as formal volunteering.Our study drew on previous investigations of formal volunteering among older adults that examined who volunteers, how much time is donated, and assessed the link between volunteerism and physical health and/or psycho-logical well-being.
In examining who volunteers, many investigators found a positive correlation between the likelihood of formal volunteering and the demographic variables of education or income.
More mixed results were reported for the demographic variables of genderand marital status. Several studies determined that married people were more likely to volunteer than unmarried adults. Concerning gender, the findings of Chambre (1984) and others that women volunteered more than men have been countered by inves-Downloaded by Tulane Universit .
3.2 Proportion of older people who volunteer
A second branch of the previous research focused on the percentage ofolder adults who volunteer and the amount of time they donate. In this regard,empirical studies have revealed an upward trend in the proportion of elders who volunteer (Chambre, 1993).
In consistencies have been moreevident in the studies of psychological well-being and volunteerism. On the one hand,volunteerism and life satisfaction were positively correlated in studies conducted by Gray and Kasteler (1970), Hulbert and Chase (1991), Hunter and Lin (1980-81), and Luks and Payne (1991). On the other, Ward (1979)found life satisfaction unrelated to participation in volunteer activities, while an inverse relationship between volunteerism and morale was reported by Mellinger and Holt (1982), and Newman, Vasudev, and Baum (1983).
Thus,despite the oft-repeated idea that volunteerism is a means of achieving a sense of meaning, generativity, or psychological well-being in later adulthood，the empirical data continues to raise questions about the link between volunteer activity and psychological well-being.
3.3 Comprehensive conclusion
Taken together, the previous research has shed considerable light on organizational volunteerism among older adults. Descriptive information has been gathered, especially about who volunteers among the older population,and how much time they donate. However, the knowledge base in this area is small, and fails to adequately address whether the type of volunteer activity is related to the health of older volunteers. Therefore, crucial aspects of volunteer behavior in old ag
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