英文原文
Specialization in Social Work Practice Introduction
Effects on Interventions in the Personal Social Services（节选）
Abstract
Summary: Specialization in social work practice is increasing in many countries at the same time as textbooks argue for generalist practice. Is there any empirical evidence for one or the other of these approaches? This article discusses generalist and specialist practice, theoretically as well as empirically, by presenting a study of a personal social services organization in Sweden.
Findings: The article demonstrates advantages as well as disadvantages of specialization for clients and social workers, and concludes that it is the work with clients within the personal social services which, to a large extent, demands that the social worker is a generalist. An outline structure for an alternative personal social services organization is postulated.
Applications: It is argued that the alternative structure could 1) satisfy the need for generalist and specialist competence respectively, and 2) facilitate harmony between social workersrsquo; professional needs and administrative requirements for management and resource allocation.
Although social workers can be regarded as the practical interpreters and implementing actors of social policies, little is known about their attitudes to their working conditions and to ongoing social-political trends, especially in a comparative Nordic perspective. In this article the present conditions for social work is studied on the basis of a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of social workers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The questionnaire was answered by a total of 5554 respondents, which represents a response frequency of 60%. In addition to some general discussions based on the answers of the entire population of respondents, the article particularly focuses on social workers in municipal social services (N frac14; 3018). Our most important result is that social workersrsquo; attitudes seem to vary to a certain extent if different fields of specialization within municipal social services are compared, and that these tendencies appear in all the Nordic countries. Those who work with financial support are more dissatisfied with their work situation and are somewhat more positive to sanctions and restrictions aimed at the clients than their colleagues in the other fields. They are also more inclined to explain poverty with reference to individual deficiencies.
Introduction：Specialization – An Increasing Trend
In Sweden, as well as in many other countries, re-organization of the social services seems to be an almost never-ending activity (Doel, 1997; Moreacute;n, 1994a). Moreover, this activity appears to be lsquo;fashion-drivenrsquo; in a similar way to other organizations: the social services are not always reorganized with the work-task in focus, rather in accordance with the prevailing organizational fashion (Pettersson, 1994; Powell and DiMaggio, 1991).
A clear trend within social work is to divide the personal social services into specialized units and functions (Bergmark and Lundstrouml;m, 1998; Bernler and Johnsson, 2001; Doel, 1997, Kokkin, 1998). Common reasons are political demands for renewal and increased efficiency (Blom, 2001) and the social workersrsquo; desire for professionalization (Eriksson, 1995). Greater specialization is, however, not unique to the personal social services; it is a generally increas-ing tendency in public sector organizations (Hjern, 2000; Repstad, 1998) as well as in the rest of society.
Specialization is in the ascendancy in social work practice, but the vast majority of textbooks and curricula, particularly for Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) programmes, emphasize generalist practice (Wolk and Wertheimer, 1999). My own brief survey of a number of curricula for BSW programmes, through the Internet, shows that this is true for the Nordic countries as well as North America, Great Britain and Australia. Furthermore, some researchers argue for advanced generalist social work (AGSW) practice stemming from Master of Social Work (MSW) studies (Gibbs et al., 1990; Schatz et al., 1990).
A range of current textbooks argue for generalist social work practice (see, for example, Bernler and Johnsson, 2001; Hancock, 1997; Jackson, 2001; Johnson and Yanca, 2001; Kirst-Ashman and Grafton, 2001; Kokkin, 1998; Lehmann and Coady, 2001; Lenner-Axelsson and Thylefors, 1999; Locke, Garrison and Winship, 1998; Meenaghan and Gibbons, 2000; Miley et al., 2001; Poulin, 2000; Ragg, 2001; Zastrow, 1995). There is also literature on research methods for generalist social work (Marlow, 2000). Despite the great number of textbooks, a survey of some recent ones shows that there is no agreement on the definition of generalist practice (Wolk and Wertheimer, 1999). In the literature, generalist practice is said to be almost everything including multi-methods and multilevel (macro, mezzo, micro) approaches; working with all or most client groups; and having a number of roles and an eclectic choice of theory base (Thomas and Pierson, 1995; Wolk and Wertheimer, 1999).
Health-Promoting Lifestyle of the Disabled Elde
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2020届英文翻译
题 目: 社会工作实践专业介绍：对个人社会服务干预的影响
学 院: 法学院
专 业:___________ 社会工作___________
班 级:___ 社会1602
姓 名:___________ 顾云潮 _______
指导教师:_____ 宋巨盛 _______
2020年2月
目 录
英文原文及中文译文
Abstract 2
Introduction：Specialization – An Increasing Trend 3
Health-Promoting Lifestyle of the Disabled Elderly 4
Research on the Importance of Organizations and Relationships 6
Method 8
Results 12
The Generalist Role is Essential for Social Work Practice 18
Summing-up 20
Conclusion: Outline of an Alternative Personal Social Services Organization 22
Notes 26
References 27
摘要 33
简介：专业化-不断发展的趋势 33
促进老年人健康的生活方式 34
组织和关系的重要性研究 35
方法 36
结果 37
通才角色对于社会工作实践至关重要 40
总论 41
结论：替代性个人社会服务组织纲要 42
笔记 44
参考文献 44
英文原文
Specialization in Social Work Practice Introduction
Effects on Interventions in the Personal Social Services
Abstract
Summary: Specialization in social work practice is increasing in many countries at the same time as textbooks argue for generalist practice. Is there any empirical evidence for one or the other of these approaches? This article discusses generalist and specialist practice, theoretically as well as empirically, by presenting a study of a personal social services organization in Sweden.
Findings: The article demonstrates advantages as well as disadvantages of specialization for clients and social workers, and concludes that it is the work with clients within the personal social services which, to a large extent, demands that the social worker is a generalist. An outline structure for an alternative personal social services organization is postulated.
Applications: It is argued that the alternative structure could 1) satisfy the need for generalist and specialist competence respectively, and 2) facilitate harmony between social workersrsquo; professional needs and administrative requirements for management and resource allocation.
Although social workers can be regarded as the practical interpreters and implementing actors of social policies, little is known about their attitudes to their working conditions and to ongoing social-political trends, especially in a comparative Nordic perspective. In this article the present conditions for social work is studied on the basis of a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of social workers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The questionnaire was answered by a total of 5554 respondents, which represents a response frequency of 60%. In addition to some general discussions based on the answers of the entire population of respondents, the article particularly focuses on social workers in municipal social services (N frac14; 3018). Our most important result is that social workersrsquo; attitudes seem to vary to a certain extent if different fields of specialization within municipal social services are compared, and that these tendencies appear in all the Nordic countries. Those who work with financial support are more dissatisfied with their work situation and are somewhat more positive to sanctions and restrictions aimed at the clients than their colleagues in the other fields. They are also more inclined to explain poverty with reference to individual deficiencies.
Introduction：Specialization – An Increasing Trend
In Sweden, as well as in many other countries, re-organization of the social services seems to be an almost never-ending activity (Doel, 1997; Moreacute;n, 1994a). Moreover, this activity appears to be lsquo;fashion-drivenrsquo; in a similar way to other organizations: the social services are not always reorganized with the work-task in focus, rather in accordance with the prevailing organizational fashion (Pettersson, 1994; Powell and DiMaggio, 1991).
A clear trend within social work is to divide the personal social services into specialized units and functions (Bergmark and Lundstrouml;m, 1998; Bernler and Johnsson, 2001; Doel, 1997, Kokkin, 1998). Common reasons are political demands for renewal and increased efficiency (Blom, 2001) and the social workersrsquo; desire for professionalization (Eriksson, 1995). Greater specialization is, however, not unique to the personal social services; it is a generally increas-ing tendency in public sector organizations (Hjern, 2000; Repstad, 1998) as well as in the rest of society.
Specialization is in the ascendancy in social work practice, but the vast majority of textbooks and curricula, particularly for Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) programmes, emphasize generalist practice (Wolk and Wertheimer, 1999). My own brief survey of a number of curricula for BSW programmes, through the Internet, shows that this is true for the Nordic countries as well as North America, Great Britain and Australia. Furthermore, some researchers argue for advanced generalist social work (AGSW) practice stemming from Master of Social Work (MSW) studies (Gibbs et al., 1990; Schatz et al., 1990).
A range of current textbooks argue for generalist social work practice (see, for example, Bernler and Johnsson, 2001; Hancock, 1997; Jackson, 2001; Johnson and Yanca, 2001; Kirst-Ashman and Grafton, 2001; Kokkin, 1998; Lehmann and Coady, 2001; Lenner-Axelsson and Thylefors, 1999;
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