Analysis of Supply and Demand Causes of 'Difficult to See a Doctor' on the Medical Service Supply Side in China
PART 1
Peoples demand for health and medical services increases with the change of population structure and the improvement of residents living standards. In October 2016, the State Council stressed the importance of peoples health in the outline of 'healthy China 2030' plan, and proposed the strategic task of optimizing health services. The phenomenon of 'difficult to see a doctor' has always been one of the common problems in the health development of Chinese residents.
Excessive Demand Leads to 'Difficult to See a Doctor'，Excessive demand for medical services, that is, a demand situation where the needs of patients exceed the level that medical institutions can provide or are willing to provide, and hospitals are overloaded, resulting in waste of resources. When supply and demand do not match, market prices will adjust themselves to restore balance between supply and demand. The Chinese government has imposed price controls on medical services and has set a maximum price. The government stipulates that the price of medical services must not exceed a certain level. Due to the purpose of price control and the degree of information control, the maximum price for medical services is generally lower than the free market price . The maximum price lower than the equilibrium price prevents the price from adjusting the supply and demand, resulting in the inability to effectively allocate medical service resources. Therefore, under the condition of the governments highest price limit, excessive medical service demand will further aggravate the imbalance between supply and demand, resulting in the phenomenon of 'difficult to see a doctor'.
Insufficient Effective Supply Leads to 'Difficult to See a Doctor'，Insufficient effective supply of medical services, that is, the quantity and structure of medical service supply do not match the multi-level and diversified consumer needs of patients. The medical service supplier holds absolute information in the medical service market and is in a monopolistic competitive position. Its supply directly affects the price and demand of medical services. The government implements price control, but it does not bear the cost of the hospitals human resources, equipment updates, and technological product innovation, which has caused the hospital to reduce the supply of medical services. The low quality of medical services (such as bad attitude, long queue, high search cost, etc.) is also a manifestation of insufficient medical service supply. Therefore, under the condition of the governments highest price limit, the insufficient supply of effective medical services will make the gap between supply and demand larger, resulting in a 'difficult to see a doctor' phenomenon.
Excessive Demand and Insufficient Supply Coexist Leading to 'Difficult to See a Doctor'. The theory of supply and demand balance means that any kind of commodity can achieve the balance of supply and demand through price adjustment . The supply and demand of medical services are often difficult to balance in actual life. The demand of patients continues to expand and the supply of medical institutions cannot keep up with the changes in demand. The excessive demand and insufficient supply of medical services coexist to create an imbalance, which eventually leads to 'difficult medical treatment.'
PART 2
Structural Imbalance between Urban and Rural Medical Institutions，The distribution of medical resources between urban and rural areas is unreasonable In China. High quality medical and sanitation resources tend to gather in cities and developed areas with high purchasing power and population density. Medical services also focus on highpriced and high-profit treatment. Relevant data of urban and rural medical institutions are obtained from China Health Statistics Yearbook. It can be seen that the number of urban medical institutions in China is far less than the number of rural medical institutions, but the number of beds per thousand population and the number of health technicians per thousand population in urban medical institutions are about twice that of rural medical institutions. It shows that Chinas health personnel resources are concentrated in cities, the medical facilities of rural medical institutions are still lagging behind that of cities, and the structure of medical service supply is seriously biased towards cities.
At the same time, the data forecast shows that by 2030, the health resources per thousand people in cities will be three times that in rural areas . The ratio of doctors to nurses in rural medical institutions is more disproportionate. Most hospitals in rural areas are dominated by doctors, few nurses, or even only one practicing physician. The long-term urban-rural dual structure makes the rural medical institutions face the problems of resource shortage, talent bottleneck and so on. Rural medical institutions are unable to meet the needs of patients, which makes the medical service supply of urban hospitals face challenges. Therefore, the unbalanced supply structure of medical services in Chinas urban and rural areas, resulting in inadequate medical service supply is the underlying cause of 'difficult to see a doctor'.
The Direct Cause of 'Difficult to See a Doctor': Excessive Demand，Excessive Demand for Outpatient. The difficulty of seeing a doctor is mainly reflected in the difficulties of patient registration and hospitalization. Therefore, from the perspective of outpatient needs and hospitalization needs, the main reasons for 'difficult to see a doctor' are discussed. According to the data from the China Health Statistics Yearbook, the number of outpatient visits of medical institutions at various levels is drawn into a line chart, as shown in Figure 4. It can b
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