Development Model and Characteristics of Rural Land Joint Stock——cooperative System
农村土地股份合作制的发展模式与特征
Abstract ：We introduce and analyze operating mechanism of three major rural land joint-stock cooperative systems in China. including communitytype (Nanhai model)，collective leasing type (Ningxia Pingluo model) and joint operating type (Zhejiang Jiande model).Current rural land joint-
stock cooperative system has following characteristics. Firstly. adhere to the collective ownership and household contract responsibility system in rural areas. Secondly. safeguard farmers' land contractual rights and interests. Thirdly. implement large-scale agricultural production and operation.Fourthly. carry out normative operation of farmers' cooperatives. On the basis of these. we point out such problems as backward technology and short of funds in development of rural land joint-stock cooperative system. Finally. we conclude that the development of rural land joint-stock cooperalive system should fully draw lessons from foreign advanced experience. actively try new model like securitization of rural land. to explore a road suitable for current national conditions.
摘要：介绍和分析中国三大农村土地股份合作制度的运行机制：包括社区式（南海模型），集体租赁型（宁夏平罗模型）和联合经营型（浙江建德模式）。目前农村土地股份合作社具有以下特点。首先，坚持集体所有制和家庭联产承包责任制；其次，保障农民土地承包权益；第三，实现大规模农业生产经营；第四，开展农民专业合作社规范化运作。在此基础上，指出农村土地股份合作制技术落后和发展资金短缺等问题。最后，我们认为，农村土地股份合作社的发展应充分借鉴国外先进经验，积极尝试新型农村土地证券化模式，探索道路适合当前国情的道路。
The earliest rural land joint-stock cooperative organizations emerged in several villages in Nanhai of Guangdong in 1992. These organizations are initiated and attempted by farmers and
grassroots cadre. After Nanhai model brings about favorableresults, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places start to follow suit, and rural land joint-stock cooperative organizations rapidly develop. The rural land joint-stock cooperative system is a type of management system, in which rural land contractors voluntarily unite, join the joint stock by contributing their rights of land contracted management, and farmers share income of land stock right. The central organization of rural land joint- stock cooperative system is farmers' professional cooperatives.Besides, it is a type of land circulation explored in practice, an institutional arrangement of rural land circulation with value-form shares replacing physical form land, so it is also an exploration of land circulation and allocation system. Under the rural land joint-stock cooperative system, farmers still possess the contracted management right of rural land on the basis of the household contract responsibility system. There is no change of farmers' contracted management right of physical land, so it realizes separation of contractual right and management right of rural land on the basis of separation of ownership and contracted management right of rural land. It also realizes the transition of farmers' land right from natural form to capital form.
1992年最早的农村土地股份合作组织在广东南海的几个村庄出现，这些组织是由农民和基层干部发起和尝试的。南海模式带来优势之后，广东、福建、浙江等地开始兴起，农村土地股份合作组织快速发展。农村土地合作社是一种合作模式，其中农村土地承包人自愿联合，共同出资，农民通过分享土地承包经营权获得收入。农村土地联股份合作制是农民专业合作社。此外，它是一种类型的土地流转实践探索，是有价值的农村土地流转制度安排股权置换实物形态的土地，因此也是一种探索土地流转与分配制度。农村土地合作制中，农民仍然拥有控制农村土地经营权的基础上家庭联产承包责任制，没有改变农民的承包经营权的实物土地，所以它在所有权与承包经营权的基础上，实现承包权和经营权的分离；它也实现了农民土地权利由自然形态向资本形态的转化。
Specific models of rural land joint-s tock cooperative system
At present, the rural land joint-stock cooperative system can be divided into following three types according to its operation mode.
农村土地股份合作社的具体模式
目前，根据其操作模式，农村土地股份合作社可以被分为下面三种类型：
1.1 In community type cooperative organization, several farmer households voluntarily value and contribute the contracted management right of land as shares and establish the rural land joint-stock cooperative, and conduct unified planning, production, operation and management of contributed land in accordance with articles of association for collective cooperative.
社区性：南海模式 在合作组织里，几户农户自愿贡献土地承包经营权，建立农村土地股份合作社，并进行统一规划、生产、经营和人员。
The cooperative appeared in Nanhai of Guangdong is the most typical one. Main sections of operation course include:firstly, community joint-stock organizations value and contribute the contracted management right of the land possessed by farmer households, collective land and property as shares,work out appropriate articles of association for stock right arrangement, distribution of interests and stock right management. These articles of association are called”Village Constitution' by the community collective organizations. Secondly, according to local development need, collective organizations conduct a unified planning for centralized land, and divide the land into farmland protection zone, industrial development area and commercial residential area on the basis of functions of land. Such community operation model unifies ownership and management right of rural land again, solves problems of scattered distribution of land and closeness of communities, and makes farmers share profits from land value increment.
广东南海出现的合作社是最典型的合作社之一，主要的操作课程包括：首先，社区联合组织的价值和贡献农户的土地承包经营权、集体土地和财产入股，制定适当的公司章程、利益分配、股权管理。这些章程被社区集体组织称为“乡村机构”。其次，交根据地方发展需要，集体组织进行集中土地统一规划，并划分土地耕地保护区，工业开发区和商品住宅小区功能。这种社区运作模式再一次统一了所有权和农村土地经营权，解决土地分配问题，使农民从土地增值中分享利润。
1 .2 Collective leasing type:Ningxia Pingluo model Incollective leasing type cooperative organization, farmers voluntarily entrust contracted management right of land to collective cooperative, the collective cooperative arranges land and put out to lease publicly, and farmers obtain income from land lease. Owners leasing rural land can be individual farmers,agricultural enterprises, or other agricultural professional cooperatives.
集体租赁型：宁夏平罗模式 集体租赁型合作组织，赋予农民土地承包经营权，集体土地公开出让，农民取得土地收益租赁。所有者租赁农村土地可以给个别农户，农业企业或者其他农业专业合作社。
Pingluo County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is asuccessful cas
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