立体书籍结构设计外文翻译资料

 2022-11-12 19:45:18

Three-dimensional book structure design

Abstract: stereoscopic books can interact with readers by rotating, pushing and pulling, turning and unfolding and other actions to help understand the content and enhance the pleasure of reading. Common three-dimensional books can be divided into five moving structure: rotating structure, page structure, tie structure, parallel polyline structure and intersecting polyline structure. Through the changes of these basic structures, combination, expansion can be designed a kaleidoscopic three-dimensional books.

In the early days, stereoscopic books were defined in anarrow sense as books that could automatically jump out of the three-dimensional shape on the page when the page was opened, but they did not include movable books that could change the effect on the plane graphics by turning the page, pulling and rotating. Now three-dimensional books basically refers to the design of the paper, paper technology and other parts, in addition to meeting the basic reading behavior of readers, but also with the books have further participation, interactive books. Stereoscopic books break through the limitations of traditional books, and can help to understand the content of books through various creative designs, so as to increase the pleasure of reading.
At present, the vast majority of stereoscopic books in the domestic book market are childrens picture books. Many children and even parents would like to try to imitate these creative designs in stereoscopic books after seeing them, and even take the books apart to study the production principle. But because the paper material itself is very easy to damage, many of the structure is made by paste, after disassembly is difficult to restore, so often cause damage to the book and do not understand the structure of the principle of the state.
In fact, although three-dimensional books in China just started, but in foreign countries with a mature reader market and professional design and publishing institutions, the structure of most of the design and creation by professional paper engineers. Quite a few paper art engineers, such as David carter of the United States and Robert sabda of the United Kingdom, have published special books to explain the motion structure and principle of three-dimensional books for those who are interested in understanding the design principles behind them. However, as this is a traditional and minority handicraft skill, each paper art engineers explanation is full of unique artistic temperament brought by personal experience, and there is no unified classification, clear norms and accepted terms, which makes people feel blind and blind.
By studying the books and works of several paper art engineers, and actually making three-dimensional structure, the author summarized the following five common three-dimensional structure of books: wheel structure, page turning structure, tension structure, parallel polyline structure and intersecting polyline structure. It can be said that the three-dimensional structure in most books is based on these basic structures, and then combined, expanded and changed. Master these basic three-dimensional structure, is equivalent to master the paper engineer design code.

First, common three-dimensional structure
(1) wheel structure
The wheel structure is an early book activity structure. The basic design method is a disk is placed on the back of the base of the page, in the center of the wheel with buttons or cut the cardboard, etc, and then based on the page in die cutting some can reveal patterns on the disk of the mouth of the cave, so that when the reader hand rotating disk, basic page with the pattern on the disk can form different combinations in order to change the scene (figure 1).
By adding pointer on the basic page, adding eccentric wheel and tappet on the wheel, increasing the number of layers of the wheel and other methods, the basic wheel structure can become more complex, so as to produce a rich and colorful book structure.
The wheel structure, perhaps the first moving element to appear in books, has endured ever since. In the 13th century, a priest named Matthew Paris used a wheel structure in his calendar. The monastery used a number of circles in its manuscripts to determine the different holy days. Paris created a wheel structure that connected these diagrams so that it was much easier to find them, just by turning the wheel, without having to go through all the trouble of moving the entire manuscript,
The wheel structure is also very suitable for interpreting dates, astrology, making codes, etc. In 1540, a German professor of mathematics and astronomy named Peter piappian published the Kaisers astronomy. This is a hand-printed book with nearly 40 pages of woodcut astronomical and astrological drawings of the wheel structure, some of which may be as many as five or six layers. These wheel structures are used to calculate the positions of planets, eclipses of the sun and moon, and even to predict when diseases will erupt.
(2) page turning structure
Page-turning structure is the most common three-dimensional book structure, there are two main production process, one is stick card, two is the page. Stick card is to point to a piece of card is pasted on foundation page, and jie page is to cut edge on foundation page, reveal the design below thereby. In both forms, the pattern on the inside text is hidden by the stick card or the pattern on the page, which is flipped by the reader to 'uncover the mystery' (figure 2).
Page turning structure is also three-dimensional book paper art in the classical techniques. As early as the 16th century, the page-turning structure was used to make academic books, such as medicine. In 1539, the historic book anatomy of the human body by professor andreas visaris was published.
Later, the page-turning structure was widely used in childr

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立体书籍结构设计


  摘要:立体书籍可以通过旋转、推拉、翻折、展开等动作与读者产生互动,帮助理解内容,增强阅读乐趣。常见的立体书籍可动结构分为五种:轮转结构、翻页结构、拉条结构、平行折线结构和相交折线结构。通过这几种基本结构的变化、组合、拓展可以设计出千变万化的立体书籍。
  关键词:立体书籍 结构 设计
    引言
  早期,立体书被狭义地定义为翻开书页时可在页面上自动跳出三维空间造型的书籍,但不包括运用翻页、拉动、旋转等方式在平面图形上改变效果的可动书。现今立体书基本上泛指由于设计时加入纸工、纸技等部分,在翻阅时除了满足读者基本的阅读行为外,还可与书籍有进一步参与、互动的书籍。立体书突破了传统书籍的限制,能够通过各种创意设计帮助理解书籍的内容,增加阅读的乐趣。
  目前国内图书市场上绝大多数的立体书籍都是儿童图画书,许多儿童甚至是家长在看到立体书籍中这些充满创意的设计后都很想模仿尝试,甚至把书拆开去研究它的制作原理。但由于纸张材料本身就很容易损坏,不少结构又是靠粘贴制作,拆解之后难以还原,因此常常造成损毁书籍而又没有搞清其结构制作原理的状况。
  实际上,立体书籍虽然在国内才刚刚起步,但是在国外拥有成熟的读者市场和专业的设计出版机构,其结构设计大多数由专业的纸艺工程师来设计创作。不少纸艺工程师如美国的大卫・卡特、英国的罗伯特.萨布达等都出版了专门的书籍,为有兴趣了解立体书背后的设计原理的人讲解其运动构造和原理。不过,由于这是一门传统并且小众的手工技艺,每个纸艺工程师的讲解都充满了个人经验带来的独特艺术气质,并没有统一的分类、明确的规范和公认的术语,令人学习起来颇有盲人摸象不识大体之感。
  笔者通过研究多位纸艺工程师的书籍和作品,并且实际动手制作立体结构,总结归纳了以下五种常见的书籍立体结构:转轮结构、翻页结构、拉条结构、平行折线结构和相交折线结构。可以说,大多数书籍中的立体结构都是以这几个基本的结构作为基础,再进行组合、拓展和变化而来的。掌握这些基本的立体结构,就等于掌握了纸艺工程师的设计密码。
  一、常见立体结构
  (一)转轮结构
  转轮结构是一种使用得较早的书籍活动结构。其基本的设计方法是在基础页面的背面放置一个圆盘,在转轮的中心点用纽扣或者切开的硬纸片等进行固定,然后在基础页面上模切一些可以露出圆盘上图案的洞口,这样当读者用手转动圆盘时,基础页面与圆盘上的图案就会形成不同的组合从而变化场景(图1)。
  通过在基础页面上增加指针,在转轮上添加偏心轮和挺杆,增加转轮的层数等方法,就可以使基础的转轮结构变得更为复杂,从而制作出丰富多彩的书籍结构。
  转轮结构或许是书籍中首批出现的会动元件,自面世以来,一直长盛不衰。13世纪时,有一位名叫马修.帕里斯的教士,在其《编年日历》中使用了一个转轮结构。这部修道院的手稿中使用了很多圆形图表,以确定不同的圣日。帕里斯创作了一个转轮结构把这些图表连接起来,这样查找起来就方便多了,只要转动转盘即可,不用再大费周章,搬动整本书稿了,
  转轮结构用来解释日期、星象、制作密码等也是非常合适的。1540年,一位名叫彼得亚皮安的德国数学和天文学教授出版了《凯撒的天文学》一书。这是―本手工印制的书,其中近40页是制作成转轮结构的天文和星象木刻图,有的转轮结构甚至多达五六层。这些转轮结构被用于计算行星的位置、日食和月食等,甚至还被用于预测疾病的爆发时间。
  (二)翻页结构
  翻页结构是最常见的立体书结构,主要有两种制作工艺,一是贴卡,二是揭页。贴卡是指在基础页面上粘贴一张卡片,而揭页则是在基础页面上开刀口,从而露出下面的图案。两种形式都是通过贴卡或揭页的图案掩饰内文上的图案,经由读者动手翻动纸片,从而“揭开谜底”(图2)。
  翻页结构也是立体书纸艺里的古典技法。早在16世纪就使用翻页结构制作学术用书,如医学。1539年,人体解剖学教授安德里斯维萨里厄斯颇具历史意义的专著《人体性生理解剖图》出版,书中附有六张人体解剖图折叠卡,每页图示都是人体的内部器官,但都隐藏在折叠卡的后面。
  后来翻页结构被普遍应用在幼儿立体书中。20世纪前叶,意大利立体书设计大师布鲁诺・缪拿力利用多种翻页结构灵巧地制作了许多幼儿立体书。他的设计是页面上原本是某种动物的头像,但翻动下张图时则会出现另外一种动物的头像,这样大象变成小马,小鸟 成鱼等等。这种设计可让读者猜想下一张页面上到底会出现什么样的动物,颇有发现与猜中的乐趣。
  (三)拉条结构
  最简单的拉条结构是以一个长方形的纸条做成拉条,再沿拉条的运动轨迹在基础页面上开一个槽,将需要移动的元件透过开槽的位置粘贴在拉条上,这样当读者拉动拉条时,该元件就会跟随拉条进行移动。使用这种结构,可以实现使汽车向前开动,小人向前跑之类的效果,因此也是幼儿图画书中比较常见的立体结构(图3)。
  拉条结构有非常多的变化结构,比如在基础页面上增加开槽的数目,同时在拉条背后增加连接用的纸卡,则一根拉条可以拖动多个图案进行运动。在英国迪恩公司所出版的立体书中,就有在拉条的两端插入两根连接纸棒,棒上的图像分别是老奶奶和风车的图像,读者只要拉动拉条末端,老奶奶和风车就会一起连动而形成有趣的画面。
  拉条控制结构可以拓展为可动连杆结构、杠杆结构、溶景结构等。溶景结构的制作方法有点像百叶窗的原理,书页上是主景,拉条则连结副景藏在夹层(即两书页之间),且两个景片以斜线切割后互相穿插。拉动拉条时.副景片则逐渐从斜割线露出直至完全换景。
  这种结构的制作原理虽简单,但如果图画设计巧妙就可以出现许多有趣的图景,使读者看到这种能使图像变化的书页时深感惊异。比如书上先是一幅老师面对全班学生讲课时,学生们都静坐有序的画面,但只要拉动拉条,就会变成另外一幅老师背对学生在写黑板,全班学生乱成一团的画面,读者特别是儿童看到这种设计都会觉得新奇有趣。   二、平行折线结构
  平行折线结构是制作弹出式立体书最基本的结构,在这种结构中,所有的折线跟基础页面的中心折线都是平行的。平行折线结构分为两种,180°平行折线结构和90°平行折线结构。
  (一)180°平行折线结构
  将基础页面打开到180°,将一张长方形纸片对称折叠后,跨页对称粘贴(粘贴的距离小于纸片长度)在基础页面上,就可以制作成一个最简单的180°平行折线结构。通过改变粘贴页的形状和位置,或者加入其他切线,基础的平行折线结构还可以拓展为开放盒子结构、立方体结构、小艇形结构、圆柱结构、蛋筒形结构,金字塔结构、封闭帐篷结构等(图4)。
  如果在基础页面之上再增加多层的附加页或把附加页再切割或打洞或轧成不同造型,就会创造繁复多变的花样,此类的巅峰代表作品应是以罗萨.麦金多夫1887年出版的《国际马戏团》一书莫属。这一带有6个镶板的艺术画作可以拉伸到1.2米长,其中马戏表演者的三维形象都是裁切下来再粘贴上去的。
  (二)90°平行折线结构
  90°平行折线结构的特点是书页上下对开不同于一般的左右对开。这种结构的做法是直接在基础页面上跨页处横向裁切,然后再根据需要向外或向内折叠。这种类型的设计只能在书页打开呈90°时才有立体的效果,展开到180°时由于折线全部拉平了,就会完全变回平面而失去立体效果(图5)。
  20世纪中叶,美国人本.克莱恩发明了这种90°平行折线结构。之前的平行结构都是先将模切好的图画折好,再用胶水粘到平面的纸上。而克莱恩的乐乐跳系列的不同之处在于,插图就印在同一张纸上,然后模切并切成三维的立体景观。插图的平面部分用胶水粘到硬纸板上,这 樱 页面一打开,折纸就会立起来。
  三、相交折线结构
  相交折线结构是最基本的和最有效果的立体结构之一。方法比较简单,但是效果出众,真正可以给人以“弹出”的视觉感受。这类立体结构中,所有的折线都相交在中心折线上。一般此法所用的纸片是以“V”形方式粘贴在书页上,因此也称为“V”形折。
  (一)180°相交折线结构
  180°相交折线结构中,基础页面展开到180°时,呈现最显著的立体效果。最基础的180°相交折线结构的制作十分简单,将一张对折好的纸片,将其折线与基础页面的中心折线对准,以对称的角度粘贴在基础页面上即可。与平行折线结构一样,相交折线结构也可以通过增加折叠线、增加纸张等方式扩展为盒子结构、金字塔结构、鸟嘴结构等(图6)。
  20世纪中期,英国出版商S・路易斯・基罗德是巧妙利用这种结构的先驱。在他发行的《可跳出模型的布卡诺故事集》一书中,大量使用了弹出式的立体结构:玩偶匣里的小人会跳出来,皇家马车会立起来,城堡会从山坡上拔地而起,花儿会绽放。
  (二)90°相交折线结构
  最基本的90°相交折线结构的制作方法非常简单,在基础页面上以中心折线为起点,画出两条对称的折线,沿着这两条折线将基础页面向前推出,基础页面打开成90°时即会出现一个立体结构。当基础页面打开至180°时,本结构又成为平面的结构。这个结构与90°平行结构一样,通过对基础页面模切和压线就可以生成(图7)。
  结语
  以上简要介绍了最常见的五种立体书籍结构。除了这几种以外,隧道结构、旋转木马结构等也颇受欢迎。当然,在实际的立体书结构设计中,一般不会单纯使用某一种结构,而是综合使用多种结构,比如在大卫・卡特设计的《BLUE 2》一书中,就在其中一个页面上综合运用了多个拉条结构和多个平行折线结构,同时还嵌套附加了许多摇臂结构,可以说是丰富多彩,生动有趣。《爱丽丝梦游奇境》一书中,纸艺大师罗伯特.萨布达在不少页面中都综合使用了相交折线结构和平行折线结构的变化组合,有一个页面中甚至加入了隧道结构;丰富多彩的结构配合锡箔、绒毛等材质的全新应用,加上著名插画大师约翰.坦尼尔古典风格的精彩描绘,形成了惊艳的效果。
  一本立体书的产生大致要先后经历创意构思、制作原型纸模、成本估价、插画定稿、确定刀模线、制版打样、印刷等环节。在这复杂的流程中,需要立体书的设计人员:故事创作者、插画师、纸艺工程师等的密切配合。我们国内优秀原创立体书的贫乏,其主要原因就是缺乏成熟的创作人员,而这其中,纸艺工程师的匮乏可以说是最为严重的。谨以此文抛砖引玉,希望早日看到中国优秀的原创设计人才崛起。

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