波普艺术:“唯物之神”的崇拜外文翻译资料

 2022-12-26 19:03:19

Pop Art: a worship of the “god of materialism”

Laura Vilaca

Digital Media Production ACW1

“Pop Art is: popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, and Big Business”.

Richard Hamilton, 16 January 1957

Introduction: Towards a Definition of Pop Art

Pop Art is a concept of difficult definition for, as Richard Hamilton illustriously puts it, it is similar to an explosion of creativity, irreverence and innovation, which is either contrasting with or merging into a constantly developing, frivolous and commercial society. Tilman Osterwold includes this aspect of the Pop movement in his definition and characterisation of Pop Art, saying that “Pop is a buzzword. It is cheerful, ironic and critical (hellip;). Pop Art is (hellip;) born under capitalist [and] technological conditions in an industrial society.” (1999: 6). Joseacute; Pierre reinforces this idea of codependece between Pop Art and the capitalist, industrial era, stating that this movement “is, in fact, first and foremost the lsquo;consumer societyrsquo; style, (hellip;) [therefore emerging] as the style of the most technologically advanced society.” (1977: 7). Jamie James also contributes with a definition of the movement, uttering that “Pop Art is painting and sculpture which borrows its imagery from the mass culture – high art mimicking low art -, (hellip;) [thus elevating] vulgar materials to the status of lsquo;high-browrsquo; culture.” (1996: 5).

Background and Context: the origins of Pop Art

Pop Art was born in a rather complex historical context for Western societies, were the movement mostly thrived. That context was set in the 1950rsquo;s which, as far as political settings are concerned, was a few years after the proclamation of the armistice of the Second World War. Then, two very distinctive scenarios were set: one for the United Kingdom and the other for the United States of America. For the United Kingdom, the war had brought serious damage to social, economical and cultural scenes, hardly leaving any regard for the arts, which were in an “almost defiant drabness.” (James, 1996: 6). On the other hand, the United States of America, “untouched by the physical destruction of the war” (James, 1996: 6), were enjoying a period of great prosperity and rapid economic growth. Along with its wealth came a massive development of the american industry and popular culture, which yield the birth of a highly substantial consumption culture (James, 1996: 6). This quite favorable juncture granted the United States of America an overall positive atmosphere and a growing exceptional visual culture that was contrasting with the works of art produced during that same period.

The predominant artistic style of the 1950rsquo;s was Abstract Expressionism which, being the art of spontaneous expression through the usage of abstract figures and shapes, demanded substantial effort of interpretation and a deep analysis of its motifs, which were complex and overly intellectual for the cultural and artistic interests of the cultural audience of the time (Castelo, 2002). Notwithstanding, it was not only the audience who grew tired of Abstract Expressionism; the artists themselves began to consider this style “too pretentious and over-intense” (Pioch, 2002), thus felling that is was time to recuperate figuration as a creative process, for “painting, it seemed, had been on a kind of voluntary starvation diet for the past hundred years, feeding on itself rather than the world around us. It was time for the artist to give in this lsquo;image hungerrsquo;.” (Janson and Janson, 1992: 449). Among the artists who exploited this “image hunger” were those who are said to be the original founders of the Pop Art: the Independent Group.

The Pop movement is said to have been established in London, with the foundation of the Independent Group, in 1952. The group, formed by “young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics”, was brought together by their shared “[restiveness] at the lofty ideals and restrictive attitudes which prevailed in the art establishment at the time” (James, 1996: 5), as well as the seemingly delayed implications of the modern word on the latter, which led them to “[challenge] prevailing modernist approaches to culture, as well as traditional views of Fine Art.” (Wikipeacute;dia, 2010). The group covered several topics in their meetings, mainly focusing on the effects of mass media and new technology, seeing how increasingly it was shaping their culture. Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi, regarded as creators of the Independent Group and, by association, of the Londonrsquo;s Pop Art, convened the first meeting of the group, which revolved around an artwork of Paolozzirsquo;s design, “Bunk!”, one of the first works within the Pop movement (Osterwold, 1999: 64).

In the United States of America, however, the Pop movement did not flourish from the gathering of artists interested in its themes; it developed, nonetheless, from the individual development of a style by the artists (Mamiya, 1992: 7).

Though witty and “instilled with romantic, sentimental and humorous overtones” (Wikipedia, 2010), the British Pop Art was far less aggressive and vicious than its American namesake (Castelo, 2002). Daily flooded with what is referred to as “visual pollution”, the United States of America were the bastion of consumism, industry and “mass produced imagery” (Wikipedia, 2010), thus making itself suitable for Pop Artrsquo;s first big widespread, in 1960rsquo;s New York (Pioch, 2002). Given that “American advertising had adopted many elements and inflections of modern art and functioned at a very sophisticated level” (Wikipedia, 2010), American artists had to adapt, becoming more fierce in their critiques of the industrial era.

The term Pop Art is said to have first been used “by the English critic Lawrence Alloway in a 1958 issue of Architectural Digest to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war

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波普艺术:“唯物之神”的崇拜

Laura Vilaca

数字媒体制作acw1

“波普艺术是流行的,短暂的,一次性的,低成本,大批量生产的,年轻的,诙谐的,性感的,花哨的,迷人的,和大企业”。

理查德·汉密尔顿,16一月1957

介绍:波普艺术定义

波普艺术是一个很难定义的概念,如理查德·汉密尔顿良好的提出,它类似于创造力的爆炸,不敬和创新,这是对比或合并为一个不断发展的、轻浮的商业社会。Tilman Osterwold:这方面在他的定义和流行艺术特征的流行运动,说“流行是一种时髦。这是愉快的,讽刺和批评(hellip;)。波普艺术是在工业社会的资本主义条件下诞生的。(1999:6)。Joseacute;彼埃尔强化了这种想法,波普艺术和资本主义,工业时代codependece之间,说明这一运动”,事实上,首先是“消费社会”的风格,(hellip;)[因此]作为新兴技术最先进的社会风格。”(1977:7)。Jamie James也有助于定义的运动,说:“波普艺术是绘画和雕塑借用其形象从大众文化-高艺术模仿低艺术-,(hellip;)(从而提升)庸俗的材料,以高眉毛文化的地位”(1996:)。

背景与背景:波普艺术的起源

波普艺术诞生于西方社会的一个相当复杂的历史语境中,当时的运动大都兴盛起来。这种情况是在1950,其中就政治设置而言,是几年后,宣布第二次世界大战停战协定。然后,两个非常独特的场景设置:一个英国和另一个为美利坚合众国。在英国,战争所带来的严重危害社会、经济和文化的场景,几乎没有留下任何关于艺术,这是一个“几乎反抗单调。”(杰姆斯,1996:6)。另一方面,美利坚合众国,“不受战争的物理破坏”(杰姆斯,1996:6),享受着一个巨大的繁荣和经济快速增长时期。伴随着它的财富来到了美国工业和大众文化的巨大发展,这产生了一个高度丰富的消费文化(杰姆斯,1996:6)。这个相当有利的时刻赋予了美利坚合众国一个整体的积极的氛围和一种日益增长的特殊的视觉文化,这与同时期的艺术作品产生了鲜明的对比。

1950年代的主要艺术风格是抽象表现主义,是自发的表达艺术通过抽象的数字和形状的使用,需要大量的努力和解释其主题的深入分析,这是复杂的,过度的知识对当时的文化受众的文化和艺术的兴趣(城堡,2002)。尽管如此,它不仅是厌倦了抽象表现主义的观众;艺术家自己开始考虑这种风格“太过狂妄和过度紧张”(Pioch,2002),这样的感觉,是休养生息的时间塑造作为一个创新的过程,“画,似乎有一种近百年来自愿饥饿饮食,喂养本身而不是我们周围的世界。这是艺术家给这个形象的饥饿时间。”(Janson和詹森,1992:449)。在利用这种“形象饥饿”的艺术家中,有人说是波普艺术的创始者:独立团体。

流行运动据说是在伦敦成立的,独立集团的基础,在1952。组,由“年轻的画家、雕塑家、建筑师组成,作家和批评家”,聚集在一起,通过他们共同的“[倔强]在崇高的理想和严格的态度盛行于艺术建立在时间”(杰姆斯,1996:5),以及看似延迟影响后者现代的词,这导致他们“[挑战]流行的现代主义的方法来培养,以及传统艺术的看法。”(Wikip 2010eacute;直径)。该小组在他们的会议上讨论了几个主题,主要集中在大众媒体和新技术的影响,看到越来越多地塑造他们的文化。理查德·汉密尔顿和Eduardo Paolozzi,作为独立的集团缔造者,通过协会,对伦敦的流行艺术,召集的小组第一次会议,围绕保罗齐的设计作品,“铺位!”,第一个作品在流行运动(奥斯特瓦尔德,1999:64)。

然而在美利坚合众国,流行的运动没有兴盛于艺术家的主题感兴趣的聚会;它发展,然而,从艺术家的风格的个人发展(玛米亚,1992:7)。

虽然诙谐”注入浪漫、感伤和幽默色彩”(维基百科,2010),英国波普艺术是远比它的美国同名较少侵略性和恶性(Castelo,2002)。每天充斥的是被称为“视觉污染”,美利坚合众国是“消费主义”的堡垒,工业和大规模生产的意象”(维基百科,2010),使其适合于波普艺术的第一次大的普遍,1960的纽约(pioch,2002)。鉴于“美国广告采取了许多元素和现代艺术的形态和功能在一个非常成熟的水平”(维基百科,2010),美国艺术家不得不适应,在工业时代的批评越来越激烈。

这个词流行艺术据说是第一个使用“在1958期建筑文摘英国评论家Lawrence Alloway描述的那些画,庆祝战后消费主义,无视抽象表现主义的心理,和崇拜唯物主义的神。”(Pioch,2002)。术语,尽管如此,也源于这样一个事实:“波普艺术使艺术回到日常生活的物质现实–流行文化(因此“流行”),而普通人得到他们大部分的视觉快感从电视、杂志或漫画。”(Pioch,2002)。

主题和风格

波普艺术,是“消费社会风格”(彼埃尔,1977:7),是识别项目和个性,成功–商业和文化–在1950年代和1960年代的西方社会,Christin J.玛米亚(1992)认为,波普艺术需要一个“完全成熟的消费文化,(hellip;)作为视觉资源以及思想的支持”。波普艺术家的启发,在理论基础、不可辨认的艺术,如广告、娱乐人物、政治人物、消费产品,其中,因为“这里(hellip;)骗我们世纪的视觉环境,[到目前为止]被认为粗俗和antiaesthetic必不可少的方面。”(Janson和詹森,1992:449)。这些元素通常是在讽刺和批判的方式表示,输送到了社会大众的习惯批评的消息(玛米亚,1992:5)。其中心主题是“亚文化、民俗文化、媒体的形象,新的技术、设计、消费品和机械工业,以及相互间的关系这一现象及其对人类的影响。”(奥斯特瓦尔德,1999:69)。通过这些元素在他们作品中的运用,波普艺术家代表了大众文化的最广泛的组成部分,拥抱了大众文化和工业社会的所有表现(彼埃尔,1977:8)。

根据Tilman Osterwold(1999),波普艺术的主要技术包括屏风画的使用,厚的图形轮廓和点彩派(风格通常从事漫画书),在一个相当大的尺寸的日常物品的复制(在超现实的现实转化),使用新材料的世纪,任何激烈的其他产品,明亮的色彩(杰姆斯,1996:12)。

然而,“多赞美的消费社会中,流行艺术是一种讽刺和幽默的[同]标准批判(hellip;)社会”(玛米亚,1992:5);然而,尽管它–激烈批判生产到消费社会,波普艺术在很大程度上依赖于灵感创意供给后者,从而创造一个悖论的通俗艺术理论(奥斯特瓦尔德,1999:6)。

对目标–主题并根据Joseacute;彼埃尔、波普艺术具有“一定的清凉味道的执行”(1977:12);它是相同的特性让它幸福的成功并购“低技术”与“艺术”的元素(pioch,2002)。随着消费主义的图标的解构,说合并是一个由艺术家来完成他们的主要目标的主要技术:证明生殖能力和什么是由工业时代提供的短命(Castelo,2002)。它是通过实现这些目标,其中,比喻为艺术生产的放归,流行艺术有所调和公众艺术,抽象表现主义在黄金时代短暂脱离后双方(Janson和詹森,1992:449)。

虽然它的目的和技术真正独特的,波普艺术是其他艺术样式很少有关,如达达主义,因为拒绝”艺术风格的想法。”(杰姆斯,1996:11)。然而,这两个不能配套,“不像Dada,波普艺术是不是出于绝望或者厌恶现代文明,(hellip;)[查看]首选商业文化为原料,(hellip;)不是一个邪恶的攻击。”(Janson和詹森,1992:449)。

波普艺术的反应

波普艺术从一开始就与艺术界的接受者终结了强烈而矛盾的关系:大众和艺术批评家。

尽管运动本身是按照一种将艺术与大众观众重新连接的意图创造出来的,但后者并不总是理解它。首先,受众很困惑,在艺术画廊的日常物体的显示并没有把握Pop作品的目的(Castelo,2002)。然而,一般的观众都理解波普艺术的商业方面,鉴于它与消费文化的几个”的链接,这使它更容易交易,因此吸引更多的买家和市民一样。”(玛米亚,1992:6)。

就像观众,评论家不喜欢波普艺术从一开始;他们预言这一运动的迅速消失,从艺术场景”(玛米亚,1992:1)。评论家认为他们虽然是琐碎和肤浅的艺术,当与抽象表现主义的深刻主题。(城堡,2002)。然而,流行艺术传达说服批评者享有“民主”的唯美主义运动提供的盈利方面(彼埃尔,1977:5)。

最初的争论后,很快就登上了流行艺术的艺术世界,一个事实”说明了这些艺术家的作品普遍存在的1960个主要国际展览,[这]上诉(hellip;)坚持到今天”(玛米亚,1992:9)。

主要参与者及主要作品

鉴于其商业诉求,波普艺术是生活在资本主义社会,这需要一个完全成熟的消费文化(hellip;),无论是视觉资源和思想支持”(玛米亚,1992:159)。两个获得成功的国家是英国和美利坚合众国。

在英国,流行艺术通过理查德·汉密尔顿的作品大多是发达(1922),Eduardo Paolozzi(1924-2005),彼得·布莱克爵士(1934)和霍克尼(1937),其中。英国艺术家坚持“采用讽刺和戏仿(在他们的作品中,集中在美国流行文化的动态和矛盾的意象”)(维基百科,2010)。一些最重要的英国流行音乐作品我是富人的玩物(1947),Eduardo Paolozzi,是什么使今天的家庭如此不同,如此吸引人?(1956),由理查德·汉密尔顿和更大的飞溅(1967),由霍克尼。

在美利坚合众国,波普艺术发展相当迅速,因为大量的消费文化来源美国大众社会提供的流行艺术家。一些艺术家的主要贡献为在美利坚合众国的流行运动的演变贾斯培·琼斯(1930),罗伊·利希滕斯坦(1923-1997)和安迪·沃霍尔(Andy Warhol 1928-1987),其中。一些由美国流行艺术家产生了标志性的艺术品的例子是旗(1954年至1955年),由贾斯培·琼斯、坎贝尔汤我(1968),由安迪·沃霍尔和Whaam!(1963),由罗伊·利希滕斯坦。

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