On the culture of Wuhan commercial port
In recent years, Wuhan urban culture has attracted more and more attention. Among them, the most hot topic is the nature and characteristics of Wuhan urban culture. The current popular view of Wuhan urban culture is the wharf culture, and the Chu culture. All these arguments are reasonable and have some brilliant arguments. However, it is biased to define Wuhan urban culture as wharf culture and Chu culture. In view of this, there is a discussion that Wuhan is a big wharf culture. In fact, the city culture of Wuhan in the past hundred years is commercial port culture. To be more precise, it is an open inland commercial port culture, or Jianghan commercial port culture, or in other words, the commercial port culture - the grand wharf culture. 1、 Wuhan city culture is not limited to the dock culture and Chu culture. Wuhan is located at the intersection of Jianghan, which is indeed a land and water dock. It has become a famous ship dock since the end of Ming Dynasty. There are earth docks one by one beside the Han River. Since modern times, there have been many foreign wharves along the Yangtze River. Nowadays, modern large-scale wharfs are springing up. In addition to the existing Qingshan foreign trade wharfs and Wuhan Iron and steel wharfs, a number of modern large wharfs will emerge in the construction of Wuhan new port. With the spread of water and land docks, the culture of docks is born.
When it comes to dock culture, people naturally think of the moving scene of dock workers carrying big bags and singing the dock number, as well as the food stall, small hotel, big bowl of tea, big meat, gambling and whoring, as well as the gangs and wharfs before liberation. It is a special scenic spot along the river in Wuhan to eulogize and highlight the physical labor in the wharf culture. It is characterized by simplicity and slang, and the combination of populism and popularity. However, it is difficult to generalize the whole urban culture of Wuhan. At best, it is only a part of the urban culture, not all of it. Imagine the bustling downtown areas like Jianghan Road and liuduqiao before the founding of the peoples Republic of China, and the modern business district and high-tech development zone of three towns in Wuhan today. Besides, Wuhan city culture is Jingchu culture. Jingchu culture has a long history in Wuhan. As far back as the ninth century BC, when Chu Junxiong Canal opened up Jianghan, Wuhan was included in the territory of Chu. Qu Yuan sang along the river, and the sound of mountains and rivers in Boya and zhongzi periods all sparked the brilliance of Chu culture in Wuhan. However, it should be noted that before the formation of Chu state, there were three Miao ancestors in Wuhan area in the Neolithic age, and there were also sources of Chinese culture input in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. Especially in the early and middle period of the Shang Dynasty, Huangpi District of Wuhan city has established Panlong City, which shines with bronze culture, and has become the political, military and cultural center of central China. As a pre Chu culture, business culture has been quite mature in Wuhan. Therefore, it is not very precise to say that Wuhan culture is Chu culture. Moreover, Chu state perished in 223 B.C., the original Chu culture has declined in general, and it has been integrated into the unified Qin and Han culture - Chinese culture. Some elements of Chu culture are preserved in the spirit, temperament and customs of the Han people. In modern times, after Hankou opened its port, Wuhan was more about the birth of modern civilization, the integration of Chinese and Western cultures, of course, there were also the inheritance of Chu culture elements, but it is difficult to say that Wuhan urban culture is Chu culture. To be precise, in Wuhan urban culture, Chu culture is only a key source, not all.
From the perspective of cultural origin, Wuhan culture was the extension and integration of indigenous culture, Chinese culture (especially business culture) and Chu culture in its early stage. After the Three Kingdoms, there was the integration of Wu and Yue culture. In Qing Dynasty, there was more integration of man and Han culture. Since modern times, it was more integration of Chinese and Western culture, while in modern times, it was mainly the integration of traditional culture and modern culture. The source of Wuhan urban culture is not a single Chu culture, nor is its development an extension of a single Chu culture, but a development chain of multiple convergence and multiple convergence. Generally speaking, it is the culture of integration of Chinese culture and Chu culture. 2、 Wuhan city culture is a commercial port Culture -- the grand wharf culture Wuhan city culture is a commercial port culture, an inland commercial port culture where Jianghan river meets. It is not only different from the export-oriented culture in Shanghai and other places, but also different from Guangzhou foreign trade commercial culture and Lingnan regional culture. Wuhan is a commercial port with a large number of businesses, factories, schools and dense population, so it is called 'great Wuhan'. Great Wuhan is a big commercial port and also a big wharf, so some people think that Wuhan culture is a big wharf culture. The culture of big wharfs has a broader generalization, which is different from the narrow sense of wharfs. The latter only refers to the cultural features and customs formed by the noisy and hurried flow of people on the shoulder and back in the water and land terminal area. However, when it comes to the culture of big wharves, it should be interpreted in conjunction with the culture of commercial ports. 1. Wuhan has been a land and water wharf since ancient times. In ancient times, there were many earth wharves and ferries along the Han River, and in modern times, there were
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论武汉商埠文化———大码头文化
近年来,武汉城市文化越来越为社会所关注。其中最为人们所热议的是武汉城市文化的性质及其特点。对于武汉城市文化当前比较流行的说法是码头文化,还有一说是楚文化。这些立论都有一定道理,并且有一些闪光的论点。不过深究起来,把武汉城市文化仅归结为码头文化,仅界定为楚文化,不免有失偏颇。正是有鉴于此,当下出现武汉为大码头文化之议。其实,近百年来的武汉城市文化是商埠文化。说得更准确一些,是具有开放性的内陆商埠文化,或者说江汉商埠文化,也可换言之为商埠文化———大码头文化。一、武汉城市文化不限于码头文化与楚文化武汉地处江汉交汇点,的确是水陆码头,远在明末就成为著名的船码头,汉水边有一个接一个的土码头。近代以来,沿长江又出现许多洋码头。当今正兴起现代化的大型码头,除了已有的青山外贸码头、武钢码头外,在武汉新港的建造中,将涌现一批现代化的大码头。水陆码头的遍布,孽生出码头文化。一提起码头文化,人们自然联想到码头工人扛着大包,唱着码头号子的动人场面,以及码头附近的饮食摊、小旅社、大碗喝茶、大块吃肉,乃至赌博和嫖妓,以及解放前的帮会和打码头等等。
码头文化中对体力劳动的讴歌和彰显是武汉沿江河一道特殊的风景线。其特点是朴素和俚俗,平民性和大众性紧紧结合。不过这码头文化,难以概括整个武汉城市文化,充其量只是城市文化的一部分,而非全部。试想在中华人民共和国建国前的江汉路、六渡桥等繁华市中心,当今武汉三镇的现代商区、高新技术开发区,怎一句码头文化了得。再说,武汉城市文化是荆楚文化。荆楚文化在武汉源远流长,远在公元前九世纪楚君熊渠开拓江汉时,武汉就纳入楚国版图,屈原行吟泽畔,伯牙、钟子期高山流水之音,无不闪耀楚文化在武汉的光焰。但是要注意到,远在楚国形成前,武汉地区在新石器时代就有三苗先民,在夏、商、周也有华夏文化源源输入。尤其是商代前中期,武汉市黄陂区已建立了闪耀青铜文化光焰的盘龙城,成为华中地区政治、军事、文化中心。作为先楚文化的商文化在武汉已相当成熟。因此,仅说武汉文化乃楚文化就不很精当。而且楚国在公元前223年就灭亡了,原先的楚文化总体上已式微,融入了大一统的秦、汉文化———中华文化之中。楚文化的一些元素则保留在武汉人的精神、气质、习俗中。到了近代,汉口开埠以后,武汉更多的是近代文明的诞生,中西文化的交融,其中当然也有楚文化元素的传承,但难以说武汉城市文化就是楚文化。说精确点,武汉城市文化中,楚文化只是一个重点源头,而不是全部。
从文化源流而言,武汉文化早期是本地先民土著文化、华夏文化(尤其是商文化)、楚文化的延伸和融合,三国后又有吴越文化的交融,清代更有满汉文化的交融,近代以来更多的是中西文化的交融,当代主要是传统文化和现代文化的结合。武汉城市文化之源头不是单一的楚文化,其发展也不是单一的楚文化的延伸,而是一条多元交汇、多次交汇的发展链。总体而言,是华夏文化与楚文化交融的文化。二、武汉城市文化乃商埠文化———大码头文化武汉城市文化是商埠文化,是江汉交汇的内陆商埠文化,既不同于上海等地滨海的外向型文化,也不同于广州外贸商业型文化和岭南地域文化。武汉是一个商埠,商家云集、工厂林立、学校遍布、人口密集,所以有“大武汉”之称。大武汉就是一个大商埠,当然也是一个大码头,所以时下有论者认为,武汉文化是大码头文化。大码头文化具有更广泛的概括力,不同于狭义的码头文化。后者只是指水陆码头区的肩挑背扛人流嘈杂、来去匆匆所形成的文化风貌与习俗。
但论大码头文化时,应与商埠文化贯通起来解读,才为妥切。1.武汉自古就多为水陆码头。古代的汉水边多土码头和渡口,近代的长江边多洋码头。从陆路而言,武汉地处中部,古代驿道四通八达,驿站即陆码头。而武汉市内又有众多轿码头、车码头。现代还出现航空码头。2.武汉本身从整体上又可视为大码头。武汉地处祖国中部、长江中游,乃南北之枢纽,东西之孔道,成就出九省通衢之美誉。当今铁路、公路、水运、航空均为华中地区的中心,是全国人流、物流的目的地和中转站。因此,武汉整体上离不开大码头特色。3.武汉虽然多码头,而且本身可视为大码头,但又不限于码头。武汉既多码头,在古代也是较大的商市,近代汉口开埠以后发展为开埠城市,也就是商埠,在晚清,武汉一度成为全国第二位的大商埠,号称“东方的芝加哥”。当今武汉已成为对外开放的特大中心城市,中部首位城市和全省龙头城市。城市的经济主体为制造业、商业、交通运输业、金融等服务业。简言之,是一个大商埠。商埠离不开码头,但商埠又不止于码头,不限于码头。商埠结构非常丰富,如工业、商业、金融、交通、服务、娱乐、外事等等,应有尽有。商埠所形成的是商埠文化,其中也包含了码头文化。商埠文化乃全方位的、多面的文化,是以工商为主体的文化,也是向现代性发展的文化。也许是感到了用码头文化概括武汉城市文化有失偏颇,不足以反映武汉城市文化的性质和形态,故当下出现大码头文化之议。
大码头文化,一个“大”字,可以突破一般意义上之码头文化的不足。于是将武汉视为整体上的一个大码头,其文化也就成为大码头文化,这应该是可以站得住脚的。但这里所谓的大码头文化,大体上就是武汉商埠文化。因此在立论上,可并称为商埠文化。作为一个大商埠,汉口是一个典型的移民城市。汉口街道宽平,当年尽铺磐石,五方杂处,客旅居多,“瓦屋竹楼千万户,本乡人少异乡多”(范锴,白舫:《汉口丛谈》卷二)。百年前如此,当今则尤甚之。在改革开放后的汉正街,武汉本地人占比例越来越少,而来自外省、外县者占大多数。汉口六渡桥的一些市场,几乎完全由浙商经营。与移民问题相关的是汉口开埠后,外国商民的大量涌入。据日本人水野幸吉1908年的调查统计,外商在汉口总计人数达2142人。另据统计,至1911年,汉口各国公司增至125家,外国人达2862人[1]311,这还不包括外国在汉从事政治、外交、军事、宗教等活动的人数。当今进入武汉的老外,与日俱增,外籍科技界、教育界、工商企业界人士不断涌入。移民们带来各自不同的区域文化,使汉口文化由单一的地域文化逐渐演化为一种复合的、开放的城市文化。三、武汉商埠文化———大码头文化的特点武汉城市商埠文化———大码头文化是在江边地域背景和开放、通达的时代背景中形成的。在当今全球化、市场化的态势下,进一步向现代化、时尚化的方向发展。武汉商埠文化———大码头文化大致有开放、复合、流变、市井化四个特点。而在武汉文化中,汉口与武昌有较大差异。汉口在近代兴起工业文明,但商业不繁盛,农耕文明成分较重。1.开放性。武汉在100多年前就是一个对外通商的开埠城市,其开放性、外向度高于内地各城市。从地域文化而言,武汉城市地处江汉之汇,江汉通江达海,既使武汉立足内陆,又联系外部世界和国际空间。武汉文化富有江汉交汇、河网纵横的江汉地区的水性特质。汉口滨江滨湖,因水而兴。如果说是因商而兴的话,其源也在于水。范锴在《汉口丛谈》中早已指出,汉口兴自小河,小河即汉水。因水而兴反映了汉口城市与中外城市发展的一般规律。但汉口地理与城市文明发展更有其江汉交汇、得水居中的地域特色。既不同于滨海的上海海派文化———海派文化对外开放度高于武汉的江汉城市文化,也不同于广州以外贸为主导的商业文化。武汉文化乃是一种植根江汉(今天主要是武汉城市圈)又通江达海的开放型和内陆型相结合的文化。
2.多元复合性。武汉文化给人印象最深的便是多元和复合,其突出点体现在社会风尚和市民日常生活习俗呈多元化。从积极方面看,具有汇纳多元文化的优点;从消极方面看,难以形成个性鲜明的文化形态。复合与杂是伴随的,说武汉文化杂,主要包括两个大的方面。一是东西南北汇集,二是古今中西杂糅。前者是地域文化的空间集聚,后者则是传统与近代文化的历史性的冲突与化合。二者交叉会合,共同构成汉口文化驳杂斑斓的特色。早在汉口兴起之初,就是“五方杂寓,家自为俗”(《明一统志》卷五九《武昌府·风俗》)。随着商业活动的兴盛和各地文化与风俗不断传入汉口,“商贾辐辏,杂有吴越川广风”(同治朝《汉阳县志》)。清人范锴曾以浓墨重彩这样描绘“路衢四达,市廛栉化,舳舮衔接,烟云相连,商贾所集,难见之货列隧,无价之宝罗肆,适口则味擅错珍,娱耳则音兼秦赵”(《汉口丛谈》卷六)。在《汉口竹枝词》作者叶调元的笔下,蜀锦吴绫,西馔苏肴,吴讴楚调,秦俗赵风,汉口文化更是百态纷呈,莫衷一是。外地文化是各省商人来汉经商时所携带来的副产品,商人们不仅通过自身生活方式使所在地的风俗习惯自然展示并保存下来,而且留下各地的民间文艺、园林建筑等多种文化样式,为汉口文化注入活力,充满生机,多姿多彩:“徽客爱缠红白线,镇商喜欢捻旱烟筒,西人不说楚人话,三处从来习土风。”“楚人做祭极平常,不及徽州礼貌庄,高坐灵旁宣诔祝,只如平日读文章。”(叶调元:《汉口竹枝词》)1861年汉口开埠后,汉口又涌入西洋文化。外商云集和租界的建立,改变了汉口城市的外在文化景观,宽阔的水泥马路取代狭窄的青石板小巷,高大厚重的西式建筑使砖木结构的矮楼黯然失色。“亚欧杂处,外交烦重,尺地寸天,生齿日密,中西肆厂,角胜争奇,来百工,柔远人hellip;hellip;”(张履春:《夏口县志·序》1920年版)。近代西方生活方式、宗教信仰乃至洋红、洋书和洋画等具体的文化样式进入汉口。汉口市民的文化观念和生活方式、行为方式也开始仿效西洋呈现浓郁的异域情调。远在百年前,汉口市民“奉天主耶稣教,每值星期,亦赴会堂做礼拜,人不以为异也”(民国《夏口县志》卷二·风土志)。“夏天夕阳之时,男女喜跑马车,周行洋街一带,谓之消夏”(《汉口小志·风俗志》)。青年男女自由恋爱亦间有之,结婚时则取西洋礼服,马车、人力车取代花轿,男著西装,女披婚纱,文明婚礼,一时成为时尚。本地文化、外地文化和西洋文化在武汉同时并存,而且时时刻刻在融合,反映了作为城市文化的汉口文化具有极强的包容性。尽管“杂”本身已成为汉口文化的大特色,汉口文化也因此而缺乏厚重感。但是,汉口文化正是摒除了狭隘的地域文化观念,广泛吸取了外来文化(包括西方文化),形成了新的城市复合文化。
3.流变性。滨江滨湖的汉口,因水的流动背景而形成文化的复合。黑格尔说:“水性使人通,山性使人蛮,水性使人合,山性使人离。”[2]124与商品随行就市、变化不居一样,汉口文化也有灵活多变,不断开新和赶潮流的特点。《汉口小志》有一段材料,反映了人们的这种趋新意识:“国人心理崇尚新剧,前lsquo;新民rsquo;所排之《大香山》,社会趋之若鹜,而舞台之座殊觉冷谈,后lsquo;大舞台rsquo;排《潘烈士投海》与《情天恨》等剧,武汉人士亦喜趋之,而lsquo;新民rsquo;之座不觉顿减,可见人心世道好奇新此其证也。”(徐焕斗:《汉口小志·风俗志》)这种此彼兴衰、喜新厌旧的现象,正好说明与商品经济结缘后的汉口文化变化快、花样新的特点。武汉文化的开新特点是通过接纳、延揽新事物、新风尚,尤其是西方近代文化观念,进而变通传统文化而逐渐形成的。汉口人对新事物的敏感和对外来文化的较为开放的文化心态,在新与旧变通之间所起的重要中介作用不容忽视,是汉口文化之所以不断出新,不断变新的重要基础。新的事物和新的观念一旦出现即成为社会时尚,汉口人对新事物、新风尚及新的文化态度往往风靡从之,或一倡而百和,或人不以为异,或趋之若鹜,“人心世道好奇新”,充分体现了近代武汉文化的流变性。时至今日,武汉文化上“跟风”的习气仍很强劲。往往是跟北京、跟上海、跟广州。从二十前的呼啦圈、高跟鞋到当今官场上的着西装、消费上的时尚化,都承受东西南北风的影响。
4.市井性。这在汉口表现最为突出,汉口因商而兴,商业文化是汉口文化主流,这种文化以赢利、平等、公平、诚信的观念为基础,符合经济上的价值规律和市场经济原则。不仅清代、民国时流行,而且也是当今汉口文化取向。武汉文化具有市民性或平民性的特点,其根基不在于权,而在于钱。在文化心理上,汉口人需要的是即时性、现实性的赢利和享受,其文化欣赏兴趣重在追新潮以及大众性的娱乐玩耍和刺激,其饮食文化是重口味,饱口福,博采众长。这也带来了汉口社会文化庸俗少文。清人范锴所著《汉口丛谈》卷二有一段文字这样描绘清代中后叶汉口市井情形:“汉口东达吴会,西通巴蜀,是以瑰货方至,集贿纷陈,鬻良杂苦,既引既迁。居斯地者,半多商贾致富,书奇风雅勿尚,故会馆公所之名,野墅琳宫之号,楹贴榜额之文,悉皆从俗,未能雅驯。至于金石碑碣,明以前无考,后寥寥无可录进。”市井细民欣赏情趣是俚俗化的。清代的汉口,在街头巷尾之中,瓦肆、勾栏之间,设场卖唱地方小戏,摆摊围圈耍民间武术、杂技,各种民间艺术活动十分活跃,构成一幅低吟浅唱、百态纷呈的繁荣而杂乱的市井文化画卷。汉口市民中由于大多数缺少文化根基的商人和小商小贩及下层苦役、帮工之类的流民,限于本身的文化素质和生活经历、生活习惯,因而对俚俗化的民间文艺表现出浓厚的兴趣,“俗人偏自爱风情,浪语油腔最爱听,土荡约看花鼓戏,开场总在两三更”(《汉口竹枝词》)。汉口市民对通俗文化的兴趣,固然体现了一种对于封建正统说教文学的冲击和进步,也因此滋生了俚俗。如随口骂人也成为习俗,形成所谓“汉骂”:“六亲怀谊本同般,姊妹情深笑楚蛮。破口不妨伤父母,一呼舅子怒冲冠。”“生意分行三百六,同行要比别行强。行凶打架天天有,霸道无如踩石坊。”由于在武汉三镇中,汉口人口多、发展快,所以在近现代代表了武汉文化。但如果对武昌、汉口文化加以比较的话,除了基本的共同点外,也表现出差异化的取向。武昌自古以来是地区行政中心,流行正统的儒家文化、政治文化,文化积累也较汉口深厚,文化氛围有浓郁的书卷气息。万历《湖广总志》记载武昌风俗时说:“武昌隶会省,四方轮蹄辐辏之处,民俗视列郡稍靡,缙绅服习教化,尚不改其淳厚之习,非公事不轻闯公门,士乐于弦涌,少纨绮之好,故科第不乏焉。”这种风气一直保持在近代。武昌城市文化偏重于对正统的延续和知识文化的传承,而汉口文化则侧重于对市民大众文化的传播和享受。武昌由于大学较多,学者云集,在自然科学和社会科学领域,著作、文章成果较多。
汉口文化则在娱乐、饮宴和生活时尚方面明显优于武昌,具有更多的快餐式现代文明气息。这种百年前的武昌和汉口的文化反差,今天虽然在改革开放和发展市场经济中不断趋同,但仍存一定差异。武汉商埠文化———大码头文化是一种不断发展、不断进步、不断现代化的文化。当今人们的文明素质正向现代转型,现代的科技、教育和文化不断输入武汉,在武汉成长发育,形成一波又一波的新潮,带来都市文明的现代化、时尚化。但
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