英文原文：
Applied Human Factors in Residential Architectural Design
Buthayna Eilouti*
Department of Architecture Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, KSA
Keywords: Scenario analysis; User-centered performance; Human-centered design; design skill; Ergonomic principles; Scenario-based design; Interdisciplinary design
Abstract. A project that incorporates principles of anthropometrics and ergonomics into building design is assigned to students of architecture to emphasize the significance of user-based and human-centered approaches. The project applies wide scopes of ergonomics to address mutual interactions between humans, buildings and environment as major derivers of design. Reflections about the project and its outcomes are reported and discussed. The projects results and products indicate the positive impact of introducing and emphasizing applied human factors on the resultant design quality. Among the observations, the typical boundaries between interior and exterior, user and space, and buildings and urban context seem to be less restrictive. In addition, considerations of flexibility, mobility and responsiveness in dynamic structures and their interactions with users seem to enrich and optimize the generated designs. The ergonomics-enhanced application helped emphasize consideration of social interaction and place-making to support transformation of static spaces into lively places. Moreover, dimensions of safety, health, affections and belonging and their impacts on building design seem clearer and more influential to the learners. As a result of the project implementation, a framework for ergonomics-driven architectural design is introduced.
KEYWORDS: Scenario analysis; User-centered performance; Human-centered design; design skill; Ergonomic principles;
Scenario-based design; Interdisciplinary design
1． INCORPORATION OF ERGONOMICS INTO ARCHITECTURE
Ergonomics represents a multi-disciplinary human-centered discipline that is defined, according to the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance”[1].
Ergonomics is typically classified into three categories, that is, the physical, cognitive and organizational classes of interaction (Figure 1). The first is concerned with the physical features and
measurements of human body. These include the anthropometric, anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics that are associated with human physical proportions and activities [2]. The second is concerned with mental processes, such as data perception, interpretation, and reasoning that are associated with the interactions between humans and their artificial products. The third is concerned with optimization of the organizational structures, hierarchy, processes and flow of systems. In this categorization of human-product interaction, the physical and the
Figure 1: Categories of ergonomics.
cognitive issues are connected to the human side of the interaction, whereas the organizational aspects are more associated with the side of products and their internal and external systems [3-6].
Within the context of this paper, the system mentioned in the IEAs definition is interpreted as the built environment that directly surrounds humans. It includes furniture pieces, structural elements, spaces, buildings, landscape components and urban environment. The main goal of the integration of ergonomics into architectural design is the optimization of human-built environment interactions to increase of humans satisfaction with their built environment and improvement of the performance of buildings. All categories of ergonomics are influential on architectural design: application of physical ergonomics can help produce more humancentered spaces; cognitive ergonomics fosters place making and social sustainability; and organizational ergonomics helps optimize the performance of buildings. Within the scope of this paper, the ergonomic approach to architectural designing may be defined as the extrapolation of future expected scenarios of post-occupancy to analysis of existing settings in spatial design. This includes research and analysis of user-space interactions and their impact on spatial planning and form making. The approach also employs scenariobased design to optimize design of buildings in terms of quality, functionality, adjustability and adaptability. The predicted future scenarios are usually combinations of event-based scenarios and potential user circulation and behavior simulations [6-8].
The discipline of ergonomics is usually associated with anthropometrics. The latter is mainly concerned with the measurements of human body and their impacts on product dimensions, scale and proportions. While anthropometrics affects mainly the static settings of product designs, ergonomics adds time and motion considerations. It enhances the basic anthropometricsbased engineering design with health, comfort, fun, efficiency and even entertainment considerations. While applications of anthropometrics and ergonomics in interior design, automotive, computer, mechanical, and industrial engineering design areas are well-established, examples of the consideration of ergonomics as a design generator or catalyst in architectural design derivation are less frequent. Most of these efforts focus on healthcare facility design working environment or office design, intelligent buildings, and the links between architectural ergonomics and sustainable design [9-18]. Even in the existing schola
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