英文原文：
Users as co-designers: Visualespatial experiences at Whitworth Art Gallery
Ahlam Ammar Sharif
Keywords: Actor-network theory; Architectural design; Design process; Design technology; User behavior
Abstract. The importance of building users in the architectural field has been increasingly acknowledged in architectural research. Some studies have applied actor-network theory (ANT) to highlight the ways through which users are embedded in relation to the built environment. However, many of these studies are limited in recognizing the diverse ways users manipulate these relations as they experience the same built environment differently. This study draws on a recent ANT scholarship by summarizing the ethnographic research of Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester, United Kingdom. Findings show that users see and react to the same built environment in different ways that are not limited to their alignment or misalignment with the design. They extend to include diverse interpretations and reactions (destructing, ignoring, noticing, attending, and interacting). The different user experiences explored in this research demonstrate three main themes, namely, entanglements, continuity, and transformation, which suggest new ways of recognizing the need for increasingly adaptable and inviting designs that address different user preferences and desires.
1 Introduction
Architectural research is concerned with the ways building designers frame specific design intentions regarding foreseen user experiences (Cuff, 1992; Schon, 1987, 1982; Yaneva, 2009). Meanwhile, users are rarely aligned with such intentions, as they react in unanticipated ways. This discrepancy creates room for exploration between design intentions and experienced realities. A growing body of research has accordingly focused on the actions of users in experiencing the built environment (De Certeau, 1984; Hill, 2003, 2001; Lefebvre, 1991; Sharif, 2016). A particular strand of this research draws on actor-network theory (ANT) to promote a relational perspective between users and designs (Fallan, 2008a, 2008b; Gieryn, 2002). While such work emphasizes users as an important part that relates to the built environment, it remains limited in recognizing the diversity of ways through which users alterthese relations (Oudshoorn et al., 2005; Van Oost et al., 2009).
This work provides a nuanced perspective on the various ways users experience the built environment. The findings are based on an ethnographic study of Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester, United Kingdom. This study highlights a gap between designer intentions and user experiences and demonstrates how users engage in different visual and spatial experiential events within the built environment. These discrepancies highlight the necessity of recognizing designs that are adaptable to usersrsquo; heterogeneous needs and preferences.
This paper begins with a summary of ANT and its application to architectural studies and then describes the methodology used to study Whitworth Art Gallery. This part is followed by empirical descriptions of the different user experiences of the intended gallery design. On the basis of an analysis of these descriptions, this paper is concluded with reflections on how user interventions are relevant to the broader processes of architectural design and building adaptation.
2 Literature review
ANT was proposed by Callon (1999, 1986), Latour (2010, 1987, 1983), and Law (2007, 1987). It offers an understanding of the socio-technical world through a networked perspective. Such an approach presents technologies as networks of human and nonhuman actors that dissolve through specifically created relations. ANT allows us to understand technologies through network inscriptions, where we are concerned with how these actors relate and consequently shape each other in specific ways. ANT accordingly suggests the changeability in technologies depending on changes in networks and the recreation of their relations by their actors, thereby redefining the networks and their actors.
On this basis, ANT provides a way to understand the relation between designersrsquo; intentions and usersrsquo; experiences through the notion of “script” (Latour, 1992, 1991). This approach aims to describe designersrsquo; intentions as they inscribe a design within a network and create specific relations with the users, determining the ways they would experience the design. Following the script (or the inscribed design network and its relation to its users) is significant in uncovering the reality of user experiences, which manifests after the design is implemented. Adhering to the script entails following user translations, referring to the ways through which users change the created network and reshape the relations, hence changing the intended design and the way it is used.
Several authors have employed script studies to uncover the relations between designer intentions and user experiences (Abi-Ghanem, 2011; Akrich, 1992; Grint and Woolgar, 1997; Oudshoorn et al., 2005). These studies are important because they explain how users can shape designs without actively participating in the design process. Designers would not inscribe designs without imagination, experiences, and techniques to represent future user needs while matching them with the design. Despite this implicit user consideration and the incorporation of patterns of the design, these studies also show that users can translate inscriptions differently from such scriptsrsquo; intended meanings. In other words, they might align or misalign with the built network and the presumed relations between the human and nonhuman actors. For example, Akrich (1992) reflected on the introduction of a carefully scripted lighting kit designed in France to be implemented in Africa; the kit failed in real application d
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英文原文：
Users as co-designers: Visualespatial experiences at Whitworth Art Gallery
Ahlam Ammar Sharif
Keywords: Actor-network theory; Architectural design; Design process; Design technology; User behavior
Abstract. The importance of building users in the architectural field has been increasingly acknowledged in architectural research. Some studies have applied actor-network theory (ANT) to highlight the ways through which users are embedded in relation to the built environment. However, many of these studies are limited in recognizing the diverse ways users manipulate these relations as they experience the same built environment differently. This study draws on a recent ANT scholarship by summarizing the ethnographic research of Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester, United Kingdom. Findings show that users see and react to the same built environment in different ways that are not limited to their alignment or misalignment with the design. They extend to include diverse interpretations and reactions (destructing, ignoring, noticing, attending, and interacting). The different user experiences explored in this research demonstrate three main themes, namely, entanglements, continuity, and transformation, which suggest new ways of recognizing the need for increasingly adaptable and inviting designs that address different user preferences and desires.
1 Introduction
Architectural research is concerned with the ways building designers frame specific design intentions regarding foreseen user experiences (Cuff, 1992; Schon, 1987, 1982; Yaneva, 2009). Meanwhile, users are rarely aligned with such intentions, as they react in unanticipated ways. This discrepancy creates room for exploration between design intentions and experienced realities. A growing body of research has accordingly focused on the actions of users in experiencing the built environment (De Certeau, 1984; Hill, 2003, 2001; Lefebvre, 1991; Sharif, 2016). A particular strand of this research draws on actor-network theory (ANT) to promote a relational perspective between users and designs (Fallan, 2008a, 2008b; Gieryn, 2002). While such work emphasizes users as an important part that relates to the built environment, it remains limited in recognizing the diversity of ways through which users alterthese relations (Oudshoorn et al., 2005; Van Oost et al., 2009).
This work provides a nuanced perspective on the various ways users experience the built environment. The findings are based on an ethnographic study of Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester, United Kingdom. This study highlights a gap between designer intentions and user experiences and demonstrates how users engage in different visual and spatial experiential events within the built environment. These discrepancies highlight the necessity of recognizing designs that are adaptable to usersrsquo; heterogeneous needs and preferences.
This paper begins with a summary of ANT and its application to architectural studies and then describes the methodology used to study Whitworth Art Gallery. This part is followed by empirical descriptions of the different user experiences of the intended gallery design. On the basis of an analysis of these descriptions, this paper is concluded with reflections on how user interventions are relevant to the broader processes of architectural design and building adaptation.
2 Literature review
ANT was proposed by Callon (1999, 1986), Latour (2010, 1987, 1983), and Law (2007, 1987). It offers an understanding of the socio-technical world through a networked perspective. Such an approach presents technologies as networks of human and nonhuman actors that dissolve through specifically created relations. ANT allows us to understand technologies through network inscriptions, where we are concerned with how these actors relate and consequently shape each other in specific ways. ANT accordingly suggests the changeability in technologies depending on changes in networks and the recreation of their relations by their actors, thereby redefining the networks and their actors.
On this basis, ANT provides a way to understand the relation between designersrsquo; intentions and usersrsquo; experiences through the notion of “script” (Latour, 1992, 1991). This approach aims to describe designersrsquo; intentions as they inscribe a design within a network and create specific relations with the users, determining the ways they would experience the design. Following the script (or the inscribed design network and its relation to its users) is significant in uncovering the reality of user experiences, which manifests after the design is implemented. Adhering to the script entails following user translations, referring to the ways through which users change the created network and reshape the relations, hence changing the intended design and the way it is used.
Several authors have employed script studies to uncover the relations between designer intentions and user experiences (Abi-Ghanem, 2011; Akrich, 1992; Grint and Woolgar, 1997; Oudshoorn et al., 2005). These studies are important because they explain how users can shape designs without actively participating in the design process. Designers would not inscribe designs without imagination, experiences, and techniques to represent future user needs while matching them with the design. Despite this implicit user consideration and the incorporation of patterns of the design, these studies also show that users can translate inscriptions differently from such scriptsrsquo; intended meanings. In other words, they might align or misalign with the built network and the presumed relations between the human and nonhuman actors. For example, Akrich (1992) reflected on the introduction of a carefully scripted lighting kit designed in France to be implemented in Africa; the kit failed in real application d
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