文献题目： BIM Design Tools and Parametric Modeling
BIM设计工具和参数化建模
BIM Design Tools and Parametric Modeling
2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This chapter provides an overview of the primary technology that distinguishes BIM design applications from earlier generation CAD systems. Object-based parametric modeling was originally developed in the 1980s for manufacturing. It does not represent objects with fi xed geometry and properties. Rather, it represents objects by parameters and rules that determine the geometry as well as some nongeometric properties and features. The parameters and rules can be expressions that relate to other objects, thus allowing the objects to automatically update according to user control or changing contexts. Custom parametric objects allow for the modeling of complex geometries, which were previously not possible or simply impractical. In other industries, companies use parametric modeling to develop their own object representations and to reflect corporate knowledge and best practices. In architecture, BIM software companies have predefined a set of base building object classes for users, which may be added to, modified, or extended. An object class allows for the creation of any number of object instances, with forms that vary, depending on the current parametersand relationships with other objects. How an object updates itself as its context changes is called its behavior. The system-provided object classes prede-fine what is a wall, slab, or roof in terms of how they interact with other objects. Companies should have the capability of developing user-defined parametric objects—both new ones and extensions of existing ones—and corporate object libraries for customized features and to establish their own best practices. Object attributes are needed to interface with analyses, cost estimations, and other applications, but these attributes must first be defined by the firm or user.
Architectural BIM design applications let users mix 3D modeled objects with 2D drawn sections, allowing users to determine the level of 3D detailing while still being able to produce complete drawings. Objects drawn in 2D are not included in bills of material, in analyses, and other BIM-enabled applications, however. Fabrication-level BIM design applications, alternatively, typically represent every object fully in 3D. The level of 3D modeling is a major variable within different BIM practices.
Current BIM design applications include services to carry out specific tasks as a tool, but they also provide a platform for managing the data within a model for different uses. Some incorporate the ability to manage data in different models—a BIM environment. Any BIM application addresses one or more of these types of services. At the tool level, they vary in the sophistication of their predefined base objects; in the ease with which users can define new object classes; in the methods of updating objects; in ease of use; in the types of surfaces that can be used; in the capabilities for drawing generation; in their ability to handle large numbers of objects. At the platform level, they vary in the ability to manage large or very detailed projects, their interfaces with other BIM tool software, their interface consistency for using multiple tools, in their extensibility, in the external libraries that can be used and the data they carry to allow management, and their ability to support collaboration.
This chapter provides an overall review of the major BIM model generation technology and the tools and functional distinctions that can be used for assessing and selecting among them.
2.1 THE EVOLUTION TO OBJECT-BASED PARAMETRIC MODELING
A good craftsman knows his tools, whether the tools involve automation or not. This chapter begins by providing a strong conceptual framework for understanding the capabilities that make up BIM design applications.
The current generation of building modeling tools is the outgrowth and four decades of research and development on computer tools for interactive 3D design, culminating in object-based parametric modeling. One way of understanding the current capabilities of modern BIM design applications is by reviewing their incremental evolution historically. Below is a short history
2.1.1 Early 3D Modeling
Since the 1960s, modeling of 3D geometry has been an important research area. Development of new 3D representations had many potential uses, including movies, architectural and engineering design, and games. The ability to represent compositions of polyhedral forms for viewing was fi rst developed in the late 1960s and later led to the fi rst computer-graphics fi lm, Tron (in 1987). These initial polyhedral forms could be composed into an image with a limited set of parameterized and scalable shapes but designing requires the ability to easily edit and modify complex shapes. In 1973, a major step toward this goal was realized. The ability to create and edit arbitrary 3D solid, volume-enclosing shapes was developed separately by three groups: Ian Braid at Cambridge University, Bruce Baumgart at Stanford, and Ari Requicha and Herb Voelcker at the University of Rochester (Eastman 1999; Chapter 2). Known as solid modeling, these efforts produced the fi rst generation of practical 3D modeling design tools.
Initially, two forms of solid modeling were developed and competed for supremacy. The boundary representation approach (B-rep) represented shapes as a closed, oriented set of bounded surfaces. A shape was a set of these bounded surfaces that satisfied a defined set of volume-enclosing criteria, regarding connectedness, orientation, and surface continuity among others (Requicha 1980).
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苏州科技大学
毕业设计英文文献
文献题目：BIM Handbook——BIM Design Tools and Parametric Modeling
BIM手册——BIM设计工具和
参数化建模
姓 名： 孙五晔
学 号： 14200402212
专业名称： 工程管理
指导老师： 祝连波
提交日期： 2018年5月16日
BIM Design Tools and Parametric Modeling
2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This chapter provides an overview of the primary technology that distinguishes BIM design applications from earlier generation CAD systems. Object-based parametric modeling was originally developed in the 1980s for manufacturing. It does not represent objects with fi xed geometry and properties. Rather, it represents objects by parameters and rules that determine the geometry as well as some nongeometric properties and features. The parameters and rules can be expressions that relate to other objects, thus allowing the objects to automatically update according to user control or changing contexts. Custom parametric objects allow for the modeling of complex geometries, which were previously not possible or simply impractical. In other industries, companies use parametric modeling to develop their own object representations and to reflect corporate knowledge and best practices. In architecture, BIM software companies have predefined a set of base building object classes for users, which may be added to, modified, or extended. An object class allows for the creation of any number of object instances, with forms that vary, depending on the current parameters and relationships with other objects. How an object updates itself as its context changes is called its behavior. The system-provided object classes prede-fine what is a wall, slab, or roof in terms of how they interact with other objects. Companies should have the capability of developing user-defined parametric objects—both new ones and extensions of existing ones—and corporate object libraries for customized features and to establish their own best practices. Object attributes are needed to interface with analyses, cost estimations, and other applications, but these attributes must first be defined by the firm or user.
Architectural BIM design applications let users mix 3D modeled objects with 2D drawn sections, allowing users to determine the level of 3D detailing while still being able to produce complete drawings. Objects drawn in 2D are not included in bills of material, in analyses, and other BIM-enabled applications, however. Fabrication-level BIM design applications, alternatively, typically represent every object fully in 3D. The level of 3D modeling is a major variable within different BIM practices.
Current BIM design applications include services to carry out specific tasks as a tool, but they also provide a platform for managing the data within a model for different uses. Some incorporate the ability to manage data in different models—a BIM environment. Any BIM application addresses one or more of these types of services. At the tool level, they vary in the sophistication of their predefined base objects; in the ease with which users can define new object classes; in the methods of updating objects; in ease of use; in the types of surfaces that can be used; in the capabilities for drawing generation; in their ability to handle large numbers of objects. At the platform level, they vary in the ability to manage large or very detailed projects, their interfaces with other BIM tool software, their interface consistency for using multiple tools, in their extensibility, in the external libraries that can be used and the data they carry to allow management, and their ability to support collaboration.
This chapter provides an overall review of the major BIM model generation technology and the tools and functional distinctions that can be used for assessing and selecting among them.
2.1 THE EVOLUTION TO OBJECT-BASED PARAMETRIC MODELING
A good craftsman knows his tools, whether the tools involve automation or not. This chapter begins by providing a strong conceptual framework for understanding the capabilities that make up BIM design applications.
The current generation of building modeling tools is the outgrowth and four decades of research and development on computer tools for interactive 3D design, culminating in object-based parametric modeling. One way of understanding the current capabilities of modern BIM design applications is by reviewing their incremental evolution historically. Below is a short history
2.1.1 Early 3D Modeling
Since the 1960s, modeling of 3D geometry has been an important research area. Development of new 3D representations had many potential uses, including movies, architectural and engineering design, and games. The ability to represent compositions of polyhedral forms for viewing was fi rst developed in the late 1960s and later led to the fi rst computer-graphics fi lm, Tron (in 1987). These initial polyhedral forms could be composed into an image with a limited set of parameterized and scalable shapes but designing requires the ability to easily edit and modify complex shapes. In 1973, a major step toward this goal was realized. The ability to create and edit arbitrary 3D solid, volume-enclosing shapes was developed separately by three groups: Ian Braid at Cambridge University, Bruce Baumgart at Stanford, and Ari Requicha and Herb Voelcker at the University of Rochester (Eastman 1999; Chapter 2). Known as solid modeling, these efforts produced the fi rst generation of practical 3D modeling design tools.
Initially, two forms of solid modeling were developed and competed for supremacy. The boundary representation approach (B-rep) represented shapes as a closed, oriented set of bounded surfaces. A shape was a set of these bounded surfaces that satisfied a defined set of volume-encl
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