The protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of the Wu Song dimension
Wu Song is a combination of folk songs in the Wu area in Suzhou and Wuxi as the center, mainly refers to the lower working people to express their thoughts, feelings, will, demands and aspirations and the collective creation of a kind of be handed down from age to age oral literature art
In style, with 'gentleness, placid, implicitness, metaphor'. The characteristics, in 2006 May by the State Council approved the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Wu Song vivid record of the life history of the peasants and the lower people, is a precious historical data, but also the precious folk heritage, provides important evidence for the study of the literature of Wu areas economic and social development history and customs, customs etc.. Wu Song reflects the social features and local conditions and customs of the Wu, is a special form of literature and art, is the language and non language symbol of harmonious integration and the formation of a folk genre, it combine literature and performing in a body. The language characteristics, wu song text as a literary genre is very close to the daily Wu dialect, usually by labor songs, songs, songs, love songs, politics and ritual songs songs such forms as a theme, and narrative, and description, and lyrical, sometimes talk, distinctive reflect or record. Folk life. The 2 dimensions of Wu Song, protection and inheritanceFrom the point of view, wu song is a perfect combination of literature, Wu Wu Sheng songs and Wu culture heritage, and oral literature and cultural heritage properties in a body, the combination of literature and music in one. This characteristic of Wu Song has the humanistic value of static, dynamic and more artistic and social service function, it gives us more understanding and appreciation, the protection and inheritance of Wu Song dimensions. Research status of taken from the relevant departments of the measures and the domestic and foreign scholars point of view, we can separately from the cultural heritage, folk literature, music, Wu culture area were discussed and the protection and inheritance of medio translatology dimensions of Wu song. From the perspective of cultural heritage, Wu Song as a non-material cultural heritage, its collection, record, classify, describe, organize and preservation of traditional heritage protection measures should be paid enough attention. In this regard, the relevant departments have done a lot of work in recent years, a large number of documents to be published, such as 'self', 'Mao folk songs, folk songs collection', 'collection' and 'Wu Song heritage of Wu Song forum'. Domestic and foreign scholars and enthusiasts of Wu Song also works come out, such as the Holland scholar Shi Nie sister was completed in 1997 doctoral thesis 'Chinese folk songs and folk singer -- Southern Jiangsu folk song', depicts a number of Wu Song and singer, and remember
Recorded some precious voice data. Chinese; Wu Song association secretary general Zhu Hairong in 2005 to sort out the long narrative songs of Wu ',' Hua Baoshan, was praised as 'one of the four great epics Chinese'. While aiming at Wu Song heritage translation output activities at home has been started in 2003 by Wang Rongpei and Xu, Jin and compile, used as the twenty-seventh session of the World Heritage Convention tribute 'Wu Song essence' is a book for the first time the purpose of translation output of Wu Song heritage, to call home and abroad for its further treatment and protection work. By all levels of government departments and experts have enormous repercussions in academic circles. It is particularly worth mentioning is that, the specific works of Wu Song literary translation popular foreign scholars. As early as in the 'before and after the first World War, the Japanese translator' small smoke Wai Yi on the translation of 'midnight.'. And is considered to be the Wu Ballads literary translation is the three milepost Kerner: Leah Tropman in 1973 published translations of German version of Feng Menglong 'folk songs', Ann Bilel in 1988 and 1995 respectively, translation
The English version of the Han Dynasty edition of 'folk' and 'Yu Tai Xin Yong', published 1997 Nie sister 'Chinese folk songs and folk singer'. 'O all these to explore the enlightenment as a literary style of Wu Song to literary creation, has the vital significance to the construction of literary polysystem and realizing the value of Wu Song culture. From the geographical point of view of music, the protection and inheritance of Wu Song Wu folk music style is popular with domestic and foreign musicians attention. The static description of their side of the pitch, and the multi dimension, embellish cavity, melody and rhythm, but also to carry out the rational use of music creation and dynamic derivative research, or to the Wu Ballads as the material for composing music, or directly from the melody to lyrics, or in the Wu dialect tone for the material to create, The birth of a number of well-known people
Vocal music and instrumental music of the formation of a new situation, and combined with the protection of heritage and innovation by using phase. For example, modern British composer Arthur Bliss Liu Wei Yi translation according to the 'Midnight Song' the arranger, named 'song' midnight music technique, to interpret it and lead in europe. In China, the music from the Wu songs creation characteristics and is more It is often seen., as in He Lvtings song 'singing', 'four seasons song', 'Long Fei vocal beauty of Taihu' H1, provides a new perspective of the carrier and to promote the oral tradition as the main means of Wu song at home and abroad, the protection of heritage and tourism economic value. From the perspective of Wu culture, as a member of the Wu culture, Wu culture of Wu Song based on the relative research patter
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非物质文化遗产吴歌保护与传承的维度
1 吴歌是以苏州与无锡为中心的吴语地区民歌民谣的总称,主要指下层劳动人民为表达自己的思想、感情、意志、要求和愿望而集体创作的一种代代相传的口头文学艺术样式,具有“委婉清丽、温柔敦厚、含蓄缠绵、隐喻曲折”⋯的特点,于2006年5月被国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。吴歌生动地记录了江南农民和下层人民的生活史,是珍贵的历史资料,也是宝贵的民间遗产,为研究吴地区的经济、社会发展史与风土人情、风俗习惯等提供了重要的文献佐证。吴歌反映着吴地社会风貌与风土人情,是一种特殊的文学艺术形式,是语言符号与非语言符号和谐整合而形成的一种民俗体裁,它寓文学性与表演性于一身。就其语言特征而言,作为一种文学体裁的吴歌文本非常接近日常吴语方言,通常以劳动歌、时政歌、酒歌、情歌、儿歌以及仪式歌等形式表现某一主题,时而叙事、时而描述、时而抒情、时而又议论,特色鲜明地反映或记录了民间的生活。
2 吴歌保护传承的维度从其具体构成来看,吴歌是吴语文学、吴声歌曲与吴地文化遗产的完美结合,兼口头文学与文化遗产属性于一身,融文学性与音乐性于一体。这种特性使得吴歌既具静态的人文研究价值,更具动态的艺术欣赏与社会服务功能,也因此赋予了我们更多地认识鉴赏、保护传承吴歌的维度。从各有关部门所采取的举措与国内外学者的研究现状来看,我们可以分别从文化遗产、民俗文学、地域音乐、吴文化学与译介学等维度对吴歌的保护传承进行探讨。从文化遗产维度来看,吴歌作为非物质文化遗产,其采集、记录、归类、描写、整理与保存等传统保护传承手段应该受到足够的重视。在这一方面,各有关部门近年来做了大量的工作,有大量文献资料得以面世,如《白茆山歌集》、《芦墟山歌集》、《吴歌遗产集萃》和《吴歌论坛》等。国内外吴歌学者与爱好者也有力作问世,如荷兰学者施聂姐于1997年完成的博士论文《中国民歌和民歌手——江苏南部山歌》,描写了大量吴歌与歌手,并记录了部分珍贵语音资料⋯;中国吴歌协会秘书长朱海容于2005年完整地整理出了长篇叙事吴歌《华抱山》,被、誉为“中国四大史诗之一”。而专门针对吴歌遗产的译介输出活动在国内也已起步,2003年由汪榕培与金煦等主编译,用作第27届世界遗产大会献礼的《吴歌精华》一书是国内首次有目的性地译介输出吴歌遗产,以呼吁国内外对它的进一步抢救与保护工作。经各级政府部门与专家的努力,引起了学术界的巨大反响。特别值得一提的是,对吴歌文学具体作品的翻译颇受国外学者的青睐。早在“第一次世界大战”前后,日本翻译家小烟蕙义就对“子夜吴歌”进行了译介。而被认为是吴歌文学对外译介三大里程碑的是:科奈莉亚·托普曼于1973年翻译出版的德语版冯梦龙《山歌》,安·比雷尔于1988年与1995年分别翻译出版了英语版的《汉代民歌》与《玉台新咏》,1997年施聂姐出版的《中国民歌与民歌手》一书。所有这些为深入探索作为文学样式的吴歌对文学创作的启示,对文学多元系统的建构以及吴歌人文研究价值的实现都具有重要的意义。从地域音乐的维度来看,对吴歌吴地民间音乐风格的保护与传承也颇受国内外音乐家的关注。他们一边对其音调、词曲、润腔、旋法与节奏等进行多维的静态描写研究,同时还合理利用来开展音乐作品的衍生创作与动态研究,或以吴歌为素材进行谱曲,或直接引用其曲调进行填词,或以吴方言音调为素材进行创作,诞生了一批脍炙人口的声乐曲与器乐曲,从而形成了保护传承与创新利用相结合的新局面。譬如,英国现代著名作曲家阿瑟·布利斯根据小熘蕙义翻译的“子夜吴歌”将其编曲,取名为《子夜吴歌曲》,以音乐手法将其诠释并引介入欧洲。在国内,借鉴吴声歌曲特色而创作的音乐作品更是屡见不鲜,如贺绿汀的电影曲《天涯歌女》、《四季歌》,龙飞的声乐曲《太湖美》等,这对促进以口头传承为主要手段的吴歌的海内外保护传承与旅游经济价值的实现提供了全新的载体与视角。从吴文化学的维度来看,作为吴文化体系的一员,吴歌依托吴文化学相对成熟的研究格局也吸引了国内外学者一定的关注,近几年的吴文化国际研讨会也能见到少量有关吴歌保护与传承方面的论文。同时,吴语地区的水乡旅游项目已开始采用船夫吟唱方式来发挥包含吴歌在内的民俗表演艺术样式的助兴功能与经济效应。然而,由于吴文化学更多关注的是作为一种区域文化的整体性研究,如其发展历程、地位与特征以及与现代工商发展、现代化进程、文化软实力建设的关系,吴歌的保护传承和旅游经济价值的开发如何与经济、社会的发展有机结合在整个吴文化学体系中尚处于探索的起始阶段,有待深入。从译介学的维度来看,吴歌作为国家级非物质文化遗产,不仅是吴文化乃至华夏文明的重要组成部分,也是世界文化宝库大家庭中的一员,受到了包含来自亚、欧、美等洲专家、学者的重视,先后有小烟蕙义、托普曼、比雷尔、施聂姐、瑶贝克等通过翻译或介绍的形式又输出了大量作为文学或音乐体裁的吴歌。“来而不往非礼也”,在吴歌受到了国际社会广泛关注的同时,国内专家、学者也着手译介输出吴歌,以推动文化的双向互动,促进人类文明的共享。吴歌的译介输出最早依附于《诗经·风》的外译,而国内对吴歌遗产的系统译介与输出活动除前文提到的由汪榕与金煦等主编译的汉英对照版《吴歌精华》一书外,由金煦主编、汪榕培介绍性译介的《中国·芦墟山歌集》也于2004年问世,并作为第28届世界遗产大会的献礼。这些举措既对外宣传了中国吴语地区的民俗文化,也为吴歌在世界范围内的对外传播与保护传承奠定了基础。特别值得一提的是,1994年2月,以联合国教科文组织驻东南亚首席代表武井士魂为首的“中国传统民话保存情况考察团”前往苏州、常熟考察了吴歌的保存情况,2003年11月美国圣奥拉夫学院毛百乐教授又到吴江考察了山歌。所有这些无不说明国际社会对作为非物质文化遗产的吴歌与其文化交流意义的重视,也为推动全世界范围内吴歌的保护与传承以及各民族文化的互动交流提供了新的契机。译介学的研究成果告诉我们,具有深厚文化底蕴与浓郁地域特色的文艺作品的译介输出不但可以输出民族文化资本,移植“文化种子”,还将有利于建构并推动文化、文学、艺术多元系统的演化,改一味地“引进来”的文化互动劣势为“引进来”与“走出去”齐头并进的文化互动良态,为世界文化与话语体系中的边缘语言、边缘文学艺术样式甚至边缘文化在全球范围内的逐步“中心化、经典化”奠定基础,实现文化艺术的平等交流。因此,研究吴歌的译介与输出不但有利于向外传播吴文化乃至华夏文化的种子,推动中外文化艺术交流,提升文化软实力,还对拓宽文化遗产保护与传承的思路,打造江苏民俗文化旅游新品牌,实现吴歌人文研究、艺术欣赏与社会经济价值的“多赢”效果等具有重要的现实指导意义。
3 结论: 吴歌既是十分宝贵的民间文化遗产,也是十分珍贵的文学、音乐与历史资料,为研究吴语地区的经济、社会发展与风土人情、风俗习惯等提供了重要的文献佐证。对吴歌关注的世界性与兴趣的广泛性必然要求研究者与决策者着眼全球文化战略,整合前人的研究成果,从多元化维度,尤其应从跨文化传播维度来认识鉴赏、保护传承、开发利用吴歌,走出一条非物质文化遗产科学保护、全球传承与创新利用相结合的新道路,既要实现吴歌的全面保护与传承,也要为我国其他非物质文化遗产的保护传承提供可资借鉴的经验,更要为提升我国与吴地文化软实力,推动中外文化、艺术的双向互动与平等交流作出积极的贡献。
吴歌
吴歌是中国吴语地区民歌民谣的总称.吴语地区包括江苏南部,浙江北部和上海市,大致是指长江下游的三角洲地区.这里是同一种方言的文化圈,同属传统吴文化范畴.“吴”的概念随着历代区域划分有所变化,如早期的“吴”指的是吴国领域,后来也曾包括现在的南京和扬州等地,现在所说的“吴”是地域和方言区划的概念.苏州恰在它的中心地位,他是一座以“天堂”美名享誉古今中外的历史文化名城,历史上采集吴歌,也以它为中心,在中国文学史上占有一定地位.
在晋以前“吴歌”一词,未见诸文字。在汉魏歌谣中也没有吴歌之目。春秋战国时代,有“吴歈”,“歈”又作“愉”,有人解释,俞,是独木舟,欠,是张口扬声,合起来即是船夫唱的歌之说,见屈原的《楚辞·招魂》:“吴歈蔡讴,奏大吕些。”汉代王逸注:“吴、蔡,国名也。歈,讴,皆歌也。大吕,六律名也。”左思《吴都赋》云:“荆艳、楚舞、吴愉、越吟,此皆南方之乐歌,为《诗三百篇》所未收者也。”那时把吴国人唱的歌曲统称为吴声歌曲。当时吴国的疆土领域常有变化。古吴国要从泰伯、仲雍建立句吴算起。因此有人说:“江南文化始泰伯,吴歌似海源金匮。”(无锡旧名金匮,梅里有泰伯墓)此说法的根据是泰伯、仲雍从中原来到江南,把中原文化带到荆蛮地区,江南文化才得以开发,因此吴歌发源于此。这个说法值得推敲,从考古发现长江文化的历史,已推前到七千年到一万年,吴越地区的先民在人类历史上最早创造了稻作文化,吴歌和稻作文化的关系非常密切,最早的歌谣总是伴随着劳动产生和发展的,中原文化不可能代替当地的土著文化,反之,泰伯、仲雍到了江南,不入乡随俗,断发纹身,也是无法生存的。当然,他们带来了中原文化,对江南的影响也是很大的。如果说某一首歌,是受了中原文化的影响, 是完全有可能的。但吴歌的源头根本不可能是外来的。
还有一种说法,吴歌来源于“越”,或者发于“南音”。这是因为有一篇《越人歌》,或《越人拥楫歌》,见西汉末年刘向著《说苑·善说篇》,记载着春秋时期楚康王?公元前559-545?之子皙泛舟于新波之中,刘向曾照越国的原音记录过一首百越歌,文字无法看懂,译成楚文,即:“今夕何夕兮搴洲中流,今日何日兮得与王子同舟。蒙羞被好兮不訾诟耻,心几顽而不绝兮得知王子。山有木兮木有枝,心悦君兮君不知。”从内容来看,反映的是当时臣子取悦于王子的歌。这种上层社会吟唱的歌并不少见。吴吟的出典也是楚国使者陈轸,为讨好秦王而“为王吴吟”,他唱些什么内容没有流传。据《世说新语》记载,资料编号:[498265],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word
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