农村教育研究状况研究:未来研究的方向
Michael L. Arnold,John H. Newman,Barbara B. Gaddy和Ceri B. Dean
中大陆教育与学习研究
引用:Arnold,M.L.,Newman,J.H.,Gaddy,B.B。,&Dean,C.B。(2005,April 27)。农村教育研究状况研究:未来研究的方向;农村教育研究杂志,20(6)。 从http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/20-6.pdf检索[日期]
作者在ERIC和PsycINFO数据库中搜索了在美国进行的K-12农村教育研究,并在1991年至2003年夏季期间发表在期刊文章中。这项研究是为了确定农村教育研究文献和确定这项研究的质量。该数据库中只有21%的研究符合使用“比较”(广义定义)研究设计来调查农村教育问题的要求。然后使用McREL开发的研究质量标准对这些文章进行评估。在这篇综述中没有找到真正的实验研究。确定的最强研究是准实验和因果比较研究设计。在使用某种比较研究设计的106篇文章中,只有10篇被评为高质量研究,只有48篇被认为是中等质量的。 48项研究被评为质量较低。作者总结了拟议的研究议程。作者在ERIC和PsycINFO数据库中搜索了在美国进行的K-12农村教育研究,并在1991年至2003年夏季期间发表在期刊文章中。这项研究是为了确定农村教育研究文献和确定这项研究的质量。该数据库中只有21%的研究符合使用“比较”(广义定义)研究设计来调查农村教育问题的要求。然后使用McREL开发的研究质量标准对这些文章进行评估。在这篇综述中没有找到真正的实验研究。确定的最强研究是准实验和因果比较研究设计。在使用某种比较研究设计的106篇文章中,只有10篇被评为高质量研究,只有48篇被认为是中等质量的。 48项研究被评为质量较低。作者总结了拟议的研究议程。
介绍:
像所有学校一样,农村学校面临着许多压力。 越来越多样化的学生背景,学习方式和需求; 新的联邦和州责任要求; 关于教育经费的分配和可用性的辩论是每个美国社区的挑战。 但农村学校面临着一系列独特的挑战,主要是由于地理位置孤立。 虽然一些农村学校成功地应对了这些挑战,但许多学校仍然在努 例如,吸引和留住高素质教师的需求在农村学校尤为明显。 鉴于教师质量与学生成绩之间存在明显的联系,对教师招聘,准备和职业发展的循证指导的需求对于农村社区的主管和校长来说更为重要。农村学校领导人也渴望获得有关以研究为基础的研究的信息促进学生在农村社区取得成功的提示和策略。然而,由于缺乏在农村地区进行的高质量研究,确定此类干预措施是困难的。相对较少的学者正在研究农村教育问题,几乎没有资金可用于在特定的农村环境中进行教育研究(Sherwood,2000)。在农村地区很少(如果有的话)完成随机现场试验,并且在整个农村文献中方法学限制很常见。 Khattri,Riley和Kane(1997)认为,农村教育研究往往缺乏适当的控制或比较组 - 这一点在本报告中将变得明显。 Fan和Chen(1999)认为这个问题导致了农村教育研究结果之间的不一致。
农村教育研究的很大一部分来自于一种信念,即农村社区和学校应该保留其中的质量(Khattri等,1997)。这一观点在研究过程的各个方面都很明显,从研究问题的选择,所采用的方法和所作的解释。虽然这种看法可能是有效的,但严格的研究并未证实这一点。此类研究将确定哪些特征能够维持有意义的改革。此外,Arnold(2003)认为,这种观点可以引起人们的注意力和资源,远离对农村学校至关重要的问题。如果没有一个研究基础,这些信念并不代表一种有效的方法来确定解决独特农村问题的成熟战略。[1]
ARNOLD, NEWMAN, GADDY, 和DEAN
进一步模糊了我们对农村学校改进的理解,是农村教育研究中使用的“农村”的多重定义。根据所使用的定义,上乡村学校的学生人数可以从110万到1160万不等.[2]缺乏对“农村”的共同,一致和明确的定义使得即使不是不可能,也很困难。比较对任何特定农村问题进行的研究的结果。
显然缺乏高质量的农村研究,农村教育研究的资金有限以及“农村”的定义不一致导致许多人得出结论认为农村教育研究有限且质量差,但到目前为止还没有系统的调查。进行了支持这样的断言。本报告的目的是描述中大陆教育与学习研究(McREL)在农村教育研究条件下开展的文献研究的结果,并为未来的农村教育研究制定研究议程。 McREL的研究主要围绕以下问题:
1.农村教育研究文献中出现了哪些主题?
2.农村教育研究的质量如何?
本报告的余额分为三个部分。在第一部分中,我们确定了农村教育文献中出现的主题,并讨论了它们出现的相对频率。在第二部分,我们讨论了有关农村教育研究质量的第二个问题。第三部分概述了农村教育的状况。最后,我们提出了一个研究议程,研究如何解决农村教育知识库中的明显差距,克服改善农村学校的主要障碍。出现在农村教育文献中的主题确定农村教育中发现的主题 - erature需要一种系统的方法来进行分类相关文献。每年都会出版大量的文献,这些文献声称是农村教育研究,但有些文献只与农村教育有关。为了提供有关农村教育研究主题的有效概况,必须仔细筛选这些出版物。本节首先介绍McREL使用的抽象搜索和审核流程,然后讨论此流程中出现的主题。
为了确定农村教育研究文献中受到关注的主题,McREL工作人员进行了全面的抽象检索和审查过程。摘要通过搜索识别出来
教育资源信息中心(ERIC)和PsycINFO数据库用于在美国进行的K-12农村教育研究,并在1991年至2003年夏季期间发表在期刊文章中.2该搜索产生了716篇摘要的初步数据库。在对摘要进行粗略审查之后,从数据库中删除了136个,因为它们被错误编码;也就是说,他们不是关于K-12教育或没有在美国进行的有关研究。这个过程产生了580篇来自ERIC的摘要-401和来自PsycINFO的179篇摘要。
两名McREL工作人员分别审查了所有摘要,并根据摘要的主要主题对每个摘要进行编码。这一更仔细的审查导致识别和随后消除了不属于研究参数的其他66篇摘要(例如,它们未在期刊文章中发表或不是关于K-12教育)和16篇重复的摘要。 ERIC和PsycINFO搜索。得到的498个摘要根据每个摘要的焦点或主要主题进行编码。这个编码过程最初产生了108个主题,其中50%仅与一个或两个摘要相关联。进行了第二次审查以合并类似的主题并重新确定主题标签。表1列出了为每个结果40个主题编码的摘要数量的数据。
通过这一审查过程,很明显至少有两种方式可以在农村学校环境中进行研究。首先,有研究专门研究农村教育问题。例如,Howley,Howley和Larson(1999)研究了农村校长在规划方法上与郊区校长的不同之处。这项研究的具体目的是了解农村教育问题(即农村地区如何影响主要行为)。我们将此类研究称为“农村特定”。
第二类农村教育研究包括在农村背景下进行的研究;在这些研究中,没有明显意图调查农村教育问题或解释农村教育如何影响学校教育的某些方面;这些类型的研究仅偶然发生在农村地区。例如,在教师熟悉和不熟悉的主题(Carlsen,1997)的科学课程中进行课堂讨论的研究可以进行
农村教育研究
表格1
按研究类型划分的农村教育研究课题,1991-2003
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Journal of Research in Rural Education, 2005, 20(6)
A Look at the Condition of Rural Education Research: Setting a Direction for Future Research
Michael L. Arnold, John H. Newman, Barbara B. Gaddy, and Ceri B. Dean
Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning
Citation: Arnold, M. L., Newman, J. H., Gaddy, B. B., amp; Dean, C. B. (2005, April 27). A look at the con- dition of rural education research: Setting a difference for future research. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 20(6). Retrieved [date] from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/20-6.pdf
The authors searched the ERIC and PsycINFO databases for K-12 rural education research studies conducted in the United States and published in journal articles between 1991 and summer 2003. This search was conducted in order to identify topics that appear in the rural education research literature and determine the quality of this research. Only 21% of stud- ies in this database met the requirement of employing a “comparative” (broadly defined) research design to investigate a rural education problem. These articles were then reviewed using quality-of-research criteria developed by McREL. No truly experimental studies were found in this review. The strongest studies identified were quasi-experimental and causal- comparative research designs. Of the 106 articles that used some kind of comparative research design, only 10 were rated as higher-quality research, and only 48 were considered to be of medium quality. Forty-eight studies were rated as lower quality. The authors conclude with a proposed research agenda.
Introduction
Like all schools, rural schools face many pressures. Increasingly diverse student backgrounds, learning styles, and needs; new federal and state accountability require- ments; and debates about the allocation and availability of education funding are challenges in every U.S. community. But rural schools face a unique set of challenges, largely due to their geographic isolation. Although some rural schools have successfully met these challenges, many still struggle. The need to attract and retain highly qualified teachers, for example, is especially pronounced in rural schools. Given the demonstrated link between teacher quality and student achievement, the need for evidence-based guidance con- cerning teacher recruitment, preparation, and professional development is even more paramount for superintendents and principals in rural communities. Rural school leaders also are eager for information about research-based inter-
This document has been funded at least in part with fed- eral funds from the U.S. Department of Education under contract number ED-01-CO-0006. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Education nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Michael Arnold is now with Education Strategy Group, and John Newman is at Kutztown University.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Chris Briggs-Hale, McREL, 2550 S. Parker Road, Suite 500, Aurora, CO 80014. (cbriggs-hale@mcrel.org)
ventions and strategies that enhance student success in rural communities.
Identifying such interventions is difficult, however, due to a lack of high-quality research conducted in rural settings. Relatively few scholars are studying rural educa- tion issues, and almost no funding is available to conduct education research in specifically rural contexts (Sherwood, 2000). Randomized field trials are rarely, if ever, completed in rural settings, and methodological limitations are com- mon throughout the rural literature. Khattri, Riley, and Kane (1997) argue that rural education research often lacks adequate controls or comparison groups—a point that will become apparent in this report. Fan and Chen (1999) con- tend that this problem contributes to inconsistencies among findings from rural education studies.
A substantial proportion of rural education research is driven by a belief that there is a quality inherent in rural com- munities and schools that should be preserved (Khattri et al., 1997). This viewpoint is evident in all aspects of the research process, from the selection of the research questions, to the methods employed and the interpretations made. While this belief may be valid, it has not been substantiated by rigor- ous research. Such research would identify which of these characteristics can sustain meaningful reforms. Additionally, Arnold (2003) argues that this perspective can draw attention and resources away from issues of critical importance to rural schools. Without a research base to build upon, these beliefs do not represent an efficient approach to identifying proven strategies for addressing unique rural issues.
2 ARNOLD, NEWMAN, GADDY, AND DEAN
Further obscuring our understanding of rural school improvement are the multiple definitions of “rural” used in rural education research. The number of students who attend rural schools, depending on the definition one uses, can range from 1.1 million to 11.6 million.1 The lack of a common, consistent, and explicit definition of “rural” makes it difficult, if not impossible, to compare results among the studies conducted on any particular rural issue.
The apparent lack of high-quality rural research, lim- ited funding for rural education research, and inconsistent definitions of “rural” have led many to conclude that rural education research is limited and of poor quality, but to date no systematic investigation has been conducted to support such an assertion. The purpose of this report is to describe the results of a literature study conducted by Mid- continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) on the condition of
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Topic |
Rural Specific |
Rural Context Only |
Total |
Programs and strategies for students with special needs |
49 |
29 |
78 |
Instruction |
20 |
20 |
40 |
School safety and discipline |
16 |
12 |
28 |
Student life and work planning |
16 |
6 |
22 |
Factors influencing academic achievement |
14 |
7 |
21 |
Studentsrsquo; attitudes and behaviors |
12 |
9 |
21 |
Education leadership |
18 |
2 |
20 |
Staff recruitment and retention |
18 |
2 |
20 |
Teacher preparation and development |
10 |
10 |
20 |
Teachersrsquo; beliefs and practices |
13 |
5 |
18 |
Curriculum |
13 |
3 |
16 |
Parent involvement |
6 |
10 |
16 |
School community relationship |
14 |
1 |
15 |
Health education |
0 |
13 |
13 |
Teacher and staff characteristics |
11 |
1 |
12 |
Teacher student relationships |
6 |
6 |
12 |
Consolidation |
11 |
0 |
11 |
Drug and alcohol use |
8 |
3 |
11 |
Early childhood education |
8 |
3 |
11 |
School finance |
7 |
2 |
9 |
Cultural diversity and education |
4 |
4 |
8 |
Literacy development |
2 |
6 |
8 |
School reform |
5 |
3 |
8 |
School choice |
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