社交触觉与人类发展外文翻译资料

 2023-01-05 14:05:36

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本科生毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

社交触觉与人类发展

Carissa J. Cascio a,c, ⁎ , David Moore b ,Francis McGlone b,d

(a Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA

b Liverpool John Moores University, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool, UK

c Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Human Development, Nashville, TN, USA

d University of Liverpool, Institute of Psychology Health amp; Society, Liverpool, UK)

摘要:社交触觉是人类发展的强大力量,在婴儿期和整个生命中塑造着社会奖励,依恋,认知,沟通和情绪调节。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了如何从自下而上和自上而下的角度定义社交接触的问题。在前一类中,C-touch(CT)系统具有明显的作用,它构成了一种独特的子模态,可以调节情感触觉并与辨别触觉形成对比。自上而下的因素,如文化,人际关系,环境,性别和其他背景影响,在定义和解释社交接触方面也很重要。考虑到社会接触在整个生命周期中的关键作用,特别关注婴儿期和幼儿期,这是社交活动及其神经、行为,生理突发事件有助于基于强化的学习,并影响各种发展轨迹。最后,回顾了社会触觉在无序发展—自闭症谱系障碍的一个例子中的作用。

关键词:触摸;触觉;社会;发展;情感;自闭症;CT传入神经

一、情感与歧视的触觉

我们花了近两百年的时间研究皮肤丰富多样的神经支配的奇迹,以及触摸或触摸的相应感知体验,瘙痒或针刺,或太阳的温暖。这些子模式之一,即触觉敏锐度和歧视的精确可量化现象自成立以来一直是感知实验心理学的一部分(Weber,1834)。虽然这些由有髓A-beta;和A-delta;纤维介导的触觉体验的辨别维度对于感觉运动控制和触觉探索至关重要,但是他们没有解决诸如“什么温度的洗澡水感觉最放松?”或“为什么我的伴侣揉背有时会感到安慰而其他时候感到沮丧?”等问题。换句话说,区分触摸物理特性的细粒度能力并不能说明日常生活中一些最显著的体感体验:传递情感和社会相关信息。

最近的证据表明正交躯体感觉子系统具有辨别力和情感触觉(McGlone等,2014),并且已经出现了大量的工作来描述和量化情感触觉维度(Ackerley等,2014;Louml;ken等,2009);Olausson等人,20022010)。与辨别触觉的直接性质不同,情感触摸跨越从高潮愉快到令人难以忍受的范围,并且由于其与背景,性别和性,文化以及其他个人,人际和社会因素的不可分割的联系而进一步复杂化(Ellingsen等人,2016;Morrison等,2010)。本期“发育认知神经科学”的研究工作侧重于无性,愉悦的情感触觉,这种情感在社会性质及其在人类发展中的作用。在这篇综述中,我们将考虑在这些约束中定义社会接触的神经生物学和高阶人际关系和社会因素,并通过人类生命阶段追踪社会触觉对学习和发展的影响。

二、定义社交触觉:自下而上

什么使得触摸“社交?”通过很多自然主义的附属人际关系的属性与低阈值无髓鞘外周传入纤维(C-touch或CT纤维)的独特调整特性之间的对应关系,轻松地提供了一种操作社交触觉的方法。这些纤维优先响应温和,缓慢,类似抚摸的抚摸(Olausson等人,2010;Vallbo等人,1993;Wessberg等人,2003)和接近人体皮肤的温度(Ackerley等人,2014)。重要的是,CT激活与积极联系影响:触摸的“愉悦”(心理评级Essick等人,19992010)与这些传入的射击频率密切相关(Louml;ken等,2009),感知愉悦的隐含测量,例如颧骨主要肌肉的激活(微笑中看到的嘴部上翘所需)(Pawling等人,2017)。CT传入仅存在于多毛的皮肤中,而不是手掌的无毛皮肤,这是辨别性接触的核心(Georgopoulos,1976)。CT传入物投射到后岛状皮质,而不是初级体感(SI)皮质(Olausson等,2002)这是有髓纤维的主要目标,其带有用于辨别触摸和触觉操纵环境的细粒度信号。这些特性进一步支持CT系统区分情感触觉与辨别触摸。

CT介导的触觉和催产素释放对生理唤醒,愉快感和亲社会相互作用的影响之间的相似性表明CT纤维可能是在附属和培养触觉期间内源性催产素(OT)释放的中介(Walker等,2017)。尽管OT在密切的社会关系的神经生物学中起着核心作用,但它只是复杂系统的一部分。综合观点来自脑阿片类社会依恋理论(BOTSA),该理论强调,虽然催产素/血管加压素社交神经肽对哺乳动物的配偶选择,父母行为和其他核心社会功能至关重要,但它们未能解释更多灵长类动物中观察到的复杂动态社会行为Social touch and human development

(a Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA

c Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Human Development, Nashville, TN, USA

Abstract

Keywords:Touch Tactile Social Development Affective Discriminative Autism CT afferents

Wersquo;ve spent nearly two hundred years studying the wonders of the skinrsquo;s rich and varied innervation, and the corresponding perceptual experiences of touching or being touched, of an itch or a pin prick, or the warmth of the sun. The exquisitely quantifiable phenomena of one of these sub-modalities, tactile acuity and discrimination, have been part of perceptual experimental psychology since its inception (Weber, 1834). While these discriminative dimensions of tactile experience, mediated by myelinated A-beta and A-delta fibers, are crucial for sensorimotor control and haptic exploration, they do not address questions such as, “What temperature of bath water feels the most relaxing?” or “Why does my partner rubbing my back sometimes feel comforting and other times feel maddening?” In other words, the fine-grained ability to discriminate physical properties of touch does not speak to some of the most salient somatosensory experiences in daily life: conveyance of affective and socially relevant information.

Recent evidence points to orthogonal somatosensory subsystems for discriminative and affective touch (McGlone et al., 2014), and a considerable body of work has emerged describing and quantifying the affective touch dimension (Ackerley et al., 2014; Louml;ken et al., 2009; Olausson et al., 2002, 2010). Unlike the straightforward nature of discriminative touch, affective touch spans a range from orgasmically pleasant to excruciatingly unpleasant, and is further complicated by its inextricable links to context, gender and sexuality, culture, and other individual, interpersonal, and societal factors (Ellingsen et al., 2016; Morrison et al., 2010). The work in this issue of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience focuses on nonsexual, pleasant affective touch that is social in nature and its role in human development. In this review, we will consider both the neurobiology and higher-order interpersonal and social factors that define social touch within these constraints, and trace the influence of social touch on learning and development through the stages of the human lifespan.

2.Defining social touch: bottom-up

What makes touch “social?” One way of operationalizing social touch has been handily provided by the correspondence between properties of much naturalistic affiliative interpersonal touch and the unique tuning characteristics of low-threshold unmyelinated peripheral afferent fibers (C-touch, or CT fibers). These fibers respond preferentially to gentle, slow, caress-like stroking (Olausson et al., 2010; Vallbo et al., 1993; Wessberg et al., 2003) and at temperatures near those of human skin (Ackerley et al., 2014). Importantly, CT activation is linked with positive affect: psychophysical ratings of touch “pleasantness” (资料编号:[278311],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word

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