隔代教育对儿童心理发展的影响
Zhang Liwen
昆明大学学前和特殊教育学院，昆明，中国云南，650200
摘要：随着工业化和城市化发展进程，许多农村家庭的父母因外出工作而把孩子留给祖父母。老年人和儿童构成了最常见的家庭结构，在隔代教育的方式下，这些受到祖父母教育的孩子主要成为了留守儿童。由于祖父母的价值观和生活方式与现代社会的需求存在一定的差距，因此隔代教育必然会对儿童的心理发展产生负面影响。针对隔代教育中存在的问题，本文章阐述了隔代教育条件下儿童的一些心理问题，分析了隔代教育对儿童的负面影响，探讨了如何在隔代教育中作出一些不同。本文章的目的是提高隔代教育的效果，让儿童在隔代教育的条件下，像同龄人一样健康快乐地成长。
关键词：隔代教养、儿童心理发展、影响
1.介绍
隔代教育是指祖父母与孙辈住在一起，祖父母对孙辈承担一定的或重大的责任。在中国农村，父母双方都出去工作，把孩子留在家里。孩子们的祖父母则会承担起照顾他们的责任，而这些祖父母是他们孩子的监护人和教育对象。这种教育现象，我们称之为隔代教育。
随着我国计划生育政策的不断深化，“4-2-1”家庭模式逐渐成为中国社会家庭模式的主流。随着现代社会经济的快速发展和生活节奏的加快，人们的思想发生了巨大的变化。许多年轻的父母因外出工作而没有时间照顾隔代教育的孩子，或者他们太忙了而没有办法照顾自己的孩子。《中国青年日报社会研究中心》（2012年）调查了31个省（区、市）的16214人，87.8%的受访者承认年轻人通过寄养来抚育孩子是很常见的。
2.跨代教育下儿童的心理问题
2.1 缺乏自信和胆小
在我们的生活中，祖父母习惯性地亲自安排孙辈生活中的一切，从本质上剥夺了他们对外部世界的认识和发展自己的能力。当孩子在生活或学习中遇到问题时，他们往往没有信心解决问题，甚至害怕遇到问题。当问题出现时，孩子们往往严重地缺乏独立性。他们考虑的第一件事是，他们希望父母能够为自己处理和解决问题。隔代教育导致孩子们没有信心和勇气去处理自己的问题，无法面对成长道路上的起起落落。因此，隔代教育下的儿童难以适应社会的发展。
2.2 使孩子孤单
在隔代教育的情况下，孩子和父母相处的时间较少，所以孩子和父母之间缺乏沟通。祖父母经常不能适当地管教和指导他们。他们担心孩子会受到不必要的伤害，而祖父母通常会选择一种照顾孩子的方式，比如把孩子留在家里。再这样的方式喜爱，生活在隔代教育条件下的孩子往往会选择逃避社交，因为他们与外界的交流较少。这样很容易出现一些心理问题，如内向、孤独、沉默和冷漠等。自闭人格不利于儿童的健康成长。自闭的儿童在生活中经常有负面情绪。一旦他们在生活或学习中遇到了一个小问题，他们就会选择不管不顾。
2.3 造成孩子自私和任性的性格
隔代教育通常由祖父母或祖父母负责。老人对孩子的爱通常是放纵的，这是老人对孩子的爱的一种表达。但它也是造成儿童自我中心和破坏他们良好人格的主要形式。在中国，许多家庭都是独生子女，这导致了照顾孩子的偏差。老人总是想把孩子放在中心，对孩子来说，一切都是无条件的。这种教育方法自然会导致孩子们发展出不良的性格。例如，我们经常看到祖父母经常通过采取物质奖励的形式来哄孩子吃饭或者写作业。随着时间的推移，当小孩子发现自己用“不吃东西”和其他形式来威胁他们的祖父母时，孩子的个人成长就已经成为一个大问题了。
3.解决孤独教育问题的措施
3.1“亲子教育”与“隔代教育”的结合
父母是孩子的第一位教师，也是最重要的教师。儿童的精神素质、道德品质、习惯风格和情商的培养，主要是来自于父母的培养，亲子教育是无法取代的。虽然隔代教育有一些优势，但它只是对亲子教育的补充，而不是所有的补充。所以父母和祖父母必须明确他们教育孩子的目的和要求，形成以父母为基础的教育模式。祖父母不仅要勇敢地改善一些陈旧的教育方式，而且要提高自己的个人素质，不断地从新的社会中吸收新的知识、新的思想和新的方法。父母应更加注重孩子的身体健康，以及更加注重孩子的心理健康。父母应该帮助孩子养成正确的人生观和价值观。
3.2坚持科学教育的内容
我们应该从儿童心理发展的年龄特征出发，使儿童能够有意义地、有效地学习和成长。促进儿童身体、语言、认知、情感、社会性的全面和谐发展。在选择教育内容时，应当选择不仅适合儿童的发展需要，而且对儿童的学习也具有挑战性的内容。儿童的教育活动应该具有生活性和启发性，用生活中的直接感知经验来丰富儿童。我们应该鼓励儿童通过各种方式学习的主动性，以各种方式认识事物。注重培养儿童积极积极的态度、强烈的学习兴趣、责任感、自信等基本素质。
3.3改变家庭的教育环境
首先，父母应该承担必要的责任。父母可以通过与孩子的交流和玩耍，及时了解孩子的思想和行为，这有利于有针对性地加强儿童教育，减少对儿童的一些不良影响。同时，通过在父母和孩子之间开展活动来加强父母与孩子之间的关系是非常有必要的。如果父母长期以来忽视了孩子想要与父母在一起的心理需求，孩子的心理健康就会受到影响。因此，我们可以创造一个健康、积极的环境，解决教育造成的各种问题，促进儿童的健康成长。
3.4学校重点关注儿童的心理发展
教师应当更新自己的教育理念和教育方法，培养学生对学习、自主思考、自我管理和合作的兴趣。教育儿童也是教师的一项重要责任。学生不是知识、思想和价值观的被动接受者，而是积极的理解者和使用者。我们应该给学生更多的时间和空间来完成任务，培养学生对学习和自我效能感的兴趣。教师要不断学习，不断更新知识储备，学习优秀的教育模式和理念，如“欣赏教育”、“优势教育”等。学校应该组织一些艺术实践活动，以培养学生的兴趣、自我表达、组织和管理。除了正规的教育背景教育外，学生还应该接受艺术教育方面的培训。
4.结论
随着社会的变化和大家庭数量的增加，隔代教育已成为家庭教育相对于亲子教育的重要组成部分。虽然祖父母在隔代教育上有足够的时间、精力和丰富的经验，同时也可以解放父母在家庭中的时间，减轻家庭的经济压力。然而，由此带来的问题也使我们不得不面对隔代教育的缺陷。亲子教育对提高儿童人格的发展具有重要意义。可见，亲子教育在家庭教育中是不可替代的。因此，隔代教育在当今的家庭中是一个无助的选择。但是，为了保证正常的亲子教育，两代的教育应当没有怀疑才行。
外文文献出处：知网
附外文文献原文
The Influence of Generation-skipping Education on Childrens Psychological Development
Zhang Liwen
School ofPreschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 650200
Keywords: generation-skipping education; childrenrsquo;s psychological development; Influence
Abstract: Along with the industrialization and urbanization process, many parents in rural families go out to work, leaving children to their grandparents. The old people and children form the most common family structure, children educated by grandparents become the left-behind children mainly with family generation-skipping education method. Because there is a distance for grandparents from the demands of modern society in terms of values and lifestyles, it is inevitable that generation-skipping education have a negative impact on childrens psychological development. In the face of the problems existing in generation-skipping education, this paper elaborates some psychological problems of children under the condition of generation-skipping education, then analyses the negative effects of generation-skipping education on children and discusses how to make the difference in generation-skipping education. The aim is to improve the effect of generation-skipping education, and let children grow up as healthy and happy as their peers under the condition of generation-skipping education.
1. Introduction
Generation-skipping education shall mean that the grandparents live together with their grandchildren and assume a certain or major responsibility to the grandchildren. In rural China, both parents go out to work and leave their children at home. Childrens grandparents tend to take care of them, and these grandparents are the guardians and reeducations of their children. This education phenomenon, we call it the generation-skipping education.
With the deepening of Chinas family planning policy, the '4-2-1' family pattern has gradually become the mainstream of Chinese social family pattern. Along with the rapid development of modern social economy and the quickening pace of life, peoples ideas have undergone great changes. Many young parents have no time to take care of generation-skipping education children when they go out to work or are too busy to take care oftheir children. The social research center of China youth daily (2012) surveyed 16,214 people in 31 provinces (districts and cities), and 87.8 percent of respondents admitted that it is common for young people to foster their children through foster care.
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外文原文1：
The Influence of Generation-skipping Education on Childrens Psychological Development
Zhang Liwen
School ofPreschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 650200
Keywords: generation-skipping education; childrenrsquo;s psychological development; Influence
Abstract: Along with the industrialization and urbanization process, many parents in rural families go out to work, leaving children to their grandparents. The old people and children form the most common family structure, children educated by grandparents become the left-behind children mainly with family generation-skipping education method. Because there is a distance for grandparents from the demands of modern society in terms of values and lifestyles, it is inevitable that generation-skipping education have a negative impact on childrens psychological development. In the face of the problems existing in generation-skipping education, this paper elaborates some psychological problems of children under the condition of generation-skipping education, then analyses the negative effects of generation-skipping education on children and discusses how to make the difference in generation-skipping education. The aim is to improve the effect of generation-skipping education, and let children grow up as healthy and happy as their peers under the condition of generation-skipping education.
1. Introduction
Generation-skipping education shall mean that the grandparents live together with their grandchildren and assume a certain or major responsibility to the grandchildren. In rural China, both parents go out to work and leave their children at home. Childrens grandparents tend to take care of them, and these grandparents are the guardians and reeducations of their children. This education phenomenon, we call it the generation-skipping education.
With the deepening of Chinas family planning policy, the '4-2-1' family pattern has gradually become the mainstream of Chinese social family pattern. Along with the rapid development of modern social economy and the quickening pace of life, peoples ideas have undergone great changes. Many young parents have no time to take care of generation-skipping education children when they go out to work or are too busy to take care oftheir children. The social research center of China youth daily (2012) surveyed 16,214 people in 31 provinces (districts and cities), and 87.8 percent of respondents admitted that it is common for young people to foster their children through foster care.
2. The Psychological Problems of Children under Generation-skipping Education
2.1 Lack of self-confidence and timid.
In our life, grandparents habitually arranged everything in their grandchildrens life, essentially depriving them of recognize the outside world and to develop their abilities. When children have problems in their life or study, they often do not have confidence to solve problems and even fear to encounter problems. When problems arise, children tend to lack a sense of independence and independence. The first thing they think about is that they want parents to handle and solve problems for themselves. Generation-skipping education has caused that the children have no confidence and courage to deal with their own problems, and unable to face the ups and downs in the road of growth. And then, it is difficult to adapt to the development of society for the children under the generation-skipping education.
Copyright copy; (2018) Francis Academic Press, UK 241
2.2 Let children be alone.
Under the condition of generation-skipping education, children and their parents spend less time with each other, so there is a lack of communication between children and parents. Grandparents often fail to properly discipline and guide them. They fear that children will be hurt unnecessarily, and grandparents often choose a way to care their children such as keeping their children at home. In this way, children who live under the condition of generation-skipping education often choose to avoid the society, because they have less communication with the outside world. It is easy to have some psychological problems, such as introversion, solitude, silence and apathy. Autistic personality is not conducive to the healthy growth of children. Autistic children often have negative emotions in their lives. Once they have a little problem in life or study, they choose to let go.
2.3 Childrens selfish and self-willed personalities
Generation-skipping education is usually taken care of by grandparents or grandparents. The old mans love for young children is usually indulgent, which is an expression of the old mans love for children. But it is also the main form of developing childrens self-centeredness and undermining their good personality. In China, many families are only children or only children. Which leads to a deviation in the care of children. The old man always want
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