跨文化交际外文翻译资料

 2022-12-09 10:15:25

Communication between Cultures

出处:Samovar, L. A. amp; Porter, R. E. Communication between Cultures. 6th ed. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2000:396-400.

一、DEFINING CULTURE SHOCK

Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.61 The term “culture shock” was first introduced in 1960 by the anthropologist Kalvero Oberg. In the following paragraph, he offers a detailed definition and account of this phenomenon:Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: how to give orders, how to make purchases, when and where not to respond. Now these cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we are not consciously aware [of ].62While Obergrsquo;s definition is important because it was the first, it fails to mention that culture shock also involves a powerful disruption of onersquo;s routines, ego, and self image.63These feelings not only apply to sojourners, businesspersons, students, government employees, and immigrants, but, as Brislin notes, can “be experienced by individuals who have face-to-face contact with out-group members within their own culture.”64
二、REACTIONS TO CULTURE SHOCK
The reactions associated with culture shock vary among individuals and can appear at different times. For example, the person who is constantly encountering other cultures might experience a mild and brief anxiety period. Culture shock, says Smith, can spawn a host of reactions that have the potential to create problems. At the very least, culture shock can cause you to feel “out of sorts,” “fatigued,” and “not wholly in the moment.”65According to Ryan and Twibell, culture shock causes stressors that demand readjustment before you can adapt to new surroundings. These stressors may include communication problems, mechanical and environmental differences, isolation, and the experiencing of different customs, attitudes, and beliefs. These stressors can lead to a variety of individual reactions.66 For your benefit, we have listed some of the reactions you may feel while adjusting to a new culture. We should add that this list is not intended to overwhelm you or make you apprehensive about venturing into another culture, but rather to help you be prepared when you experience some of these reactions.67

bull; Antagonism toward the new environment
bull; A sense of disorientation
bull; Feelings of rejection
bull; Upset stomach and headaches
bull; Homesickness
bull; Missing friends and family
bull; Feeling a loss of status and influence
bull; Withdrawal
bull; Perceiving members of the host culture to be insensitive

三、Beyond Culture Shock
Today, widespread immigration and the movement and relocation of millions of refugees are established facts. These people are faced with the monumental task of adapting to nearly all aspects of a new culture—and for a long period of time, perhaps permanently. This impact and the importance of having to adapt to a new culture are clearly articulated by Kosic and Phalet:International migration creates culturally and ethnically diverse societies. As people from different cultures interact with each other, they face not only different belief systems, values,customs, and behaviors, but unfortunately also prejudice towards each other. It seems that social relationships between immigrants and local populations often lack cohesion and sometimes show strong antagonism or even racism underneath an outward appearance of tolerance. In political and public debates, immigrants are often depicted as trouble-makers.78Many of these newcomers experience significant difficulty while adapting to the host culture. As Mak, Westwood, Ishiyama, and Barker point out, “Newcomers may not be ready to learn and practice social behaviors appropriate to the new culture in the initial period of settlement. It is not unusual for recent arrivals to be overwhelmed by the immediate demands and challenges in orienting to living in a new place.”79 Thus, the problems facing anyone trying to adapt to a new and often quite different culture are numerous.During the initial adjustment period, new arrivals will most likely experience the fears and feelings of isolation, being disliked, and distrust we described earlier as culture shock.80 A review of some of the reasons behind these feelings is an excellent first step in developing the skills needed to adjust to a new culture.

四、ACCULTURATION: ADJUSTING TO A NEW CULTURE
Acculturation, as you might guess, is the process of learning to live in a new culture.Berry defines acculturation as “the dual process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups and their individual members. . . . At the individual level it involves changes in a personrsquo;s behavioral repertoire.”81 This process of adjustment is a lengthy process that requires gaining a large body of useful knowledge about the new culture.As you have seen throughout this book, gathering a fund of knowledge about another culture takes a variety of forms, ranging from the apparent to the subtle. For example,it should be evident to you that learning the language of the host culture will produce positive results. Now let us turn our attention to a few issues and strategies that will expedite and facilitate the adaptation process. We will f

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跨文化交际

出处:拉里·萨莫瓦尔理查德·波特.跨文化交际.第六版.北京:北京大学出版社,2000年:396-400.

一、定义文化冲击

文化冲击是一种心理状态,它来自于你从熟悉的环境向不熟悉的环境转变,发现你的老旧的行为模式是无效的。“文化冲击”一词是由人类学家卡尔韦奥·奥伯格于1960年首次提出的。下面这一段,他提供了一个详细的定义,并对这一现象进行了描述:文化冲击是由失去所有熟悉的符号和社会交往的符号引起的焦虑而沉淀的。这些迹象或暗示包括我们适应日常生活的千千万万个方法:如何发出命令,如何购买,何时何地不作回应。这些暗示,可能是文字,手势,面部表情,风俗习惯,或规范,在成长过程中被我们所有人所习得,和我们所说的语言或我们所接受的信仰一样,都是我们文化的一部分。我们所有人都依赖于我们内心的平静和效率,在这些线索中,大多数我们都没有意识到。尽管奥伯格的定义很重要,因为它是第一个,但它并没有提到文化冲击也包括对一个人的常规、自我和自我形象的强大破坏。这些情绪不仅适用于旅居者、商人、学生、政府雇员和移民,但正如布里斯林所指出的那样,“在他们自己的文化中,与外团体成员有面对面接触的人能够体验到这种感觉。”

二、文化冲击的反应

与文化冲击相关的反应因人而异,而且可以出现在不同的时间。例如,经常遇到其他文化的人可能会经历一段短暂的焦虑期。史密斯说,文化冲击会产生一系列有可能会有问题的反应。至少,文化震惊会让你感到“不舒服”,“疲倦”,“不在状态”。根据瑞恩和特威贝尔的说法,在适应新环境之前,文化冲击会导致需求调整。这些压力可能包括沟通问题、机械的和环境的差异、隔离以及不同风俗、态度和信仰的体验。这些压力可以导致各种不同的反应。为了你的利益,我们列出了一些你在适应新文化时可能会有的反应。我们应该补充一点,这个清单不是为了压倒你,或者让你担心冒险进入另一种文化,而是为了帮助你当你经历这些反应时,要做好准备。对新环境的对抗,迷失的感觉,被拒绝的感觉,肠胃不适和头痛,乡愁,思念朋友和家人,感到失去地位和情绪,不合群对主人文化的成员的观察不敏感。

三、超越了文化冲击

今天,广泛的移民和数百万难民的迁移和迁移都是事实。这些人面临着重大的适应任务,即适应新文化的几乎所有方面——而且是长期的,也许是永久的。这种影响和必须适应新文化的重要性被科西克和发博雷特清楚地表述了:国际移民创造了文化和种族多元化的社会。由于不同文化背景的人相互影响,他们不仅面临着不同的信仰体系、价值观、习俗和行为,而且还面临着对彼此的偏见。移民和当地人之间的社会关系似乎往往缺乏凝聚力,有时表现出强烈的敌对情绪,甚至在宽容的外表下也表现出种族主义。在政治和公众辩论中,移民往往被描绘成麻烦制造者。许多新来的人在适应主人文化的时候遇到了很大的困难。在最初的移民时期,新来者可能还没有准备好学习和实践社会行为来适应新文化。最近的移民们被眼前的需求和生活在一个新地方的挑战所压倒。因此,任何试图适应一种新的、往往完全不同的文化的人所面临的问题是很多的。在最初的调整期,新移民很可能经历恐惧和孤立,被厌恶的感觉以及我们之前描述的作为文化冲击不信任感。回顾这些感受背后的一些原因,是发展适应新文化所需技能的第一步。

四、文化适应:适应新的文化

正如你可能猜到的,文化融合是学习生活在一种新的文化中的过程。贝瑞将文化融合定义定义为“文化和心理变化的双重过程”这是由两个或更多的文化团体和他们的个别成员联系产生hellip;在个人层面上,它涉及到一个人的行为能力的变化。这一调整过程是一个漫长的过程,需要获得大量关于新文化的有用知识。正如你在这本书中所看到的,收集关于另一种文化的大量知识需要多种多样的形式,从表面到微妙。例如,你应该清楚地看到,学习宿主文化的语言将产生积极的结果。现在让我们把注意力转向一些问题和策略,这些问题和策略将加速和促进适应的过程。我们将首先考察语言、不均衡和民族中心主义的问题。

  1. 语言。

显然,生活在新文化中的人“必须迎接挑战”语言障碍,陌生的习俗和习俗,以及语言上的文化差异还有非语言沟通方式,以达到成功的理解。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生曾经写道:“在他学会了他所访问的国家的语言之前,任何人都不应该旅行。否则,他就会成为一个巨婴,那么无助,那么荒谬。这个问题经常出现在那些没有掌握英语的并长期逗留和移民在美国的人们。他们经历了社会隔离,正如梁和周所说,他们被迫“进入要求对英语语言能力较差、人际交往较少的领域”。当我们谈论与接触一种新语言相关的问题时,我们谈论两个想法:在新文化下的语言习得和独特的说话方式。这两种方法都可以延缓适应过程。哈珀总结了这样的观点:“缺乏语言技能是有效的文化适应和沟通的障碍,然而,缺乏对某一特定群体说话方式的认识,将会降低我们与同行们达成共识的程度。”想要适应和与新文化互动的人必须面对挑战,不仅要学习另外一种语言,还要面对在每种语言中所发现的独特的文化模式。正如我们在第六章中所展示的,语言使用的文化差异可能意味着许多事情,从使用习语,到不同的规则,以及语言表达尊重的方式。如果你不能掌握宿主文化的语言,那么你至少应该尝试掌握一些基本的,如问候行为,礼貌的回应,和处理公共交通和购买食物以及生活必备的词汇。

(二)不均衡。

成功的适应要求对宿主文化有一定程度的了解,并要求你对这些知识做出正确的选择。那些选择可以包括从学习合适的问候行为(如鞠躬、握手或拥抱)来决定是否吃餐具(如筷子、刀、叉或手指)。据金说,“至少暂时的,在一种不均衡的状态中,在许多情绪的lsquo;低潮期rsquo;中表现出不确定、困惑和焦虑。”与适应有关的不平衡引发了两个相互矛盾的问题:(1)相对而言,对保持本土文化和身份的偏好,以及(2)与宿主文化的成员有接触和互动的相对偏好。这些相互冲突的问题会导致四种形式的解决办法,让旅居者进入一个新的文化。从完全接受新文化到几乎完全被拒绝。第一个,同化,发生在移民不再希望保持他们的本土文化身份并寻求融入到宿主社会的时候。第二种是分离,当移民珍视他们的本土文化时,他们会背弃与东道国文化的互动,转向他们的本土文化。第三种形式是“融合”,即当旅居者在与来自寄主文化的人进行日常交流时,有兴趣维持他们的本土文化。在这种情况下,一些旅居者的本土文化得以维持,同时他们试图作为他们的宿主文化的社会网络的一个整体成员。最后一种形式是边缘化,在这种情况下,人们很少有可能保持自己的本土文化遗产(通常是由于被迫的文化损失),或者很少有兴趣与他人建立关系(通常是出于排斥或歧视的原因)。

  1. 民族优越感。

由于民族中心主义,文化上的障碍经常出现,导致偏见,进而导致不信任、敌意甚至仇恨。民族中心主义的有趣之处在于它既影响移民也影响了宿主文化。根据古特法尔德的说法,宿主文化的成员还经历了许多与寄居者有关的适应症状:焦虑、恐惧、抑郁、无能和疲劳。这可能导致宿主文化的成员对外来者作出判断,而试图适应的人不能或不愿意去扩展他或她的本土文化。有效适应的关键是双方都要认识到民族中心主义的强大吸引力,并试图控制它。

(四)压力-适应-增长动态模式。

在最近的研究中,金发展了一种理论模型,把文化调整过程描绘得比我们之前讨论过的U -和w曲线模型更复杂。她认为调整是“压力适应增长”的过程。从这个角度来看,当进入新的文化时,旅居者会受到压力,因为他们的正常运作能力被削弱了。也就是说,在面对日常生活的新方法时,他或她会感到压力。为了减少压力,旅居者发展并结合了新的文化规范,要求正常运作,从而开始适应新环境。通过持续的压力适应体验,个人的看法会扩大,从而导致个人成长。压力-适应-增长的三个组成部分构成一个动态过程。根据金的说法:压力适应增长的动力不是在平稳的线性过程中,而是在一个循环和连续的连续的“拉伸-回归”表示中,表现在压力、适应和增长之间的相互关系。陌生的人会通过“后退”来回应每一次有压力的经历,而这反过来又会激活自适应的能量,帮助他们重新组织自己并“向前跳”。只要有新的环境挑战,这个过程是持续的。

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