红楼梦中的女性: 有关清代中国女性的纯粹性规定外文翻译资料

 2022-12-06 15:24:35

【外文原文】

Women in Honglou meng:

Prescriptions of Purity in the Femininity of Qing Dynasty China

Louise Edwards

Griffith University

Modern China 1990

One of Chinarsquo;s most outstanding literary works,Cao Xueqinrsquo;s Qing dynasty novel Honglou meng (The Story of the Stone),is imbued with a textual complexity that has elicited a wide variety of scholarly analyses.Indeed,such a polyphonic novel eludes a single,authoritative reading and rather invites a multiplicity of understanding.While allegorical,realistic,and structuralist readings have been undertaken,Honglou meng has yet to be analyzed thoroughly using the methodology of feminist literary criticism. In an effort partially to redress this omission,this article discusses the novel and the greatness of Cao Xueqinrsquo;s artistry in terms of modern notions of sexual ideology.Thus,his article will contribute yet another understanding of novel to the vast body of hongxue.

From the outset it must be stated that feminist readings of literature do not adopt an asexual,or purely aesthetic critical practice.Rather a feminist analysis involves a politically motivated notion of criticism--one which seeks to explore the narrativersquo;s presentation of masculinity and femininity with the purpose of disclosing the ambiguities and contradictions in sexual ideologies.

This article briefly presents the current scholarly perceptions of the novelrsquo;s sexual ideology,which largely praise it as and patriarchal,and then proceeds to reveal how these existing analyses are created in Honglou meng.Both the complexity of the novel and the ambiguous nature of sexual ideology reject a single,definitive statement of the novelrsquo;s patriarchal sentiment.

REVERSING THE GENDER HIERARCHY

Many scholars have noted that Honnlou meng is primarily a novel about the lives of women.Relating in minute detail daily life within the inner courtyards of an aristocratic Chinese family,the novelrsquo;s central characters are,with the exception of Jia Baoyu,all,women.In recent years some “rediologists”from the Peoplersquo;s Republic of China have claimed that Cao Xueqin is protesting the harsh treatment of women under the strict Confucian moral codes of the Qing dynasty through his portrayal of the fates of these female characters.For example,Zhao Rong wrote in1982 that the novel is Caorsquo;s eulogy to equality of the sexes and a cry for freedom in marriage,and in 1988 Han Huiqiang described Cao as an advocate of a revolution in sexual.A similar sentiment has been expressed by Western critics such as R.Keith McMahon,who suggested in 1988 that Hongliou meng is a“critique of patriarchy”,and Moss Roberts,who described the novel as “deeply feminist”.

On one level,the inclusion of sexual politics in Chinese literary criticism is to be applauded.On another level,there is tendency,particularly in current studies from the Peoplersquo;s Republic,to embrace uncritically any works which discuss womenrsquo;s problems as feudal,patriarchal pieces.The central issue is not the fact that womenrsquo;s subjugation is included in fictional works but rather how it is Portrayed.

From the out set Honglou meng draws the readerrsquo;s attention to sexual ideology.Several sequences in the first few chapters alone dwell on comparisons between males and females and the masculine and the feminine.These sections of the text are often used to show that the author was sympathetic to the plight of women in the Qing dynasty.Two of the most commonly used examples reveal the overly simplistic nature of such conclusions.The novel does indeed invite a questioning of the sexual ideology of textual “sympathy with the feminine” may not be as one dimensional as they first appear.It may well be that the unspoken text reveals more complexity than the spoken statements of apparent patriarchal.

In the first instance,the narrator says he is writing in an attempt to save from oblivion the talented women with whom he grew up.Cao Xueqin is quoted in the introduction to the first chapter as saying.

As I went over them[the female companions of my youth]one by one ... It suddenly came to me that those slips of girls--which is all they were then-were in every way,both morally and intellectually,superior to the “grave and mustachioed signior” I am now supposed to have become.The realization brought with it an overpowering sense of shame and remorse ... I resolved that,however unsightly my own shortcomings might be,I must not,for the sake of keeping them hid,allow those wonderful girls to pass into oblivion without a memorial.

However,as Lucien Miller wrote, “To assert that the theme of the novel is only life in the ladiesrsquo; appartments is to contradict the authorrsquo;s own poignant complaint and painful lamentation”.The avowed concern for the women in the novel is thereby a mirror for the chronicling of a male experience of life,as the reader traces Baoyursquo;s pathto enlightenment and Baoyursquo;s painful lamentations through the women that are so subtly portrayed.As the novel so often suggests,“everything produces its opposite”.

Secondly,throughout the novel we read how young unmarried girls are far superior to their male counterparts in a host of different areas,including poetry writing, literary knowledge,musical talent,philosophical understanding,and morality.On the one hand,Baoyu is regarded by his teacher and other literary gentlemen as having a “certain meretricious talent for versification not undeserving of commendation”.On the other hand,he is the object of the young girlsrsquo; mirth during poetry club meetings for his clumsy poetic skills.Indeed,in almost all matters of scholarly or cultural knowledge,Baoyu shows less aptitude than his female peers.This sort of reversal leads critics to conclude that Cao was protesting against the patriarchal feudal system.Zhao Rong described this phenomenon as follows, “In the soci

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【外文翻译】

红楼梦中的女性:

有关清代中国女性的纯粹性规定

路易斯bull;爱德华兹

格里菲斯大学

现代中国1990

清代曹雪芹的小说《红楼梦》(石头记)是中国最杰出的文学作品之一。它充满了文本复杂性,引起了各种各样的学术分析。事实上,用一个单一的观点无法理解这样的复调小说,它需要权威性的阅读而而多样性的理解。而寓言、现实和结构主义阅读已经开展,《红楼梦》尚未彻底用女性主义文学批评的方法分析。为了纠正这一疏忽,本文从现代意识形态的概念方面论述了小说和曹雪芹的艺术风格。因此,本文将对“红学”额庞大研究提供另一种理解。

从一开始就必须说明,女权主义的文学作品并没有采用无性的或纯粹的美学批判的方法。相反,女权主义的分析包含了一种带有政治动机的批评的概念----一种试图探索男性和女性特征的叙事,目的是揭示性意识形态的模糊性和矛盾性。

本文简要地介绍了当前关于小说性意识形态的学术观点,在很大程度上赞扬了小说的性意识形态和宗法性,然后揭示了这些现存的分析是如何在《红楼梦》中产生的。小说的复杂性和性意识形态的模糊本质都拒绝了对小说父权情感进行单一的、明确的陈述。

逆转的性别等级制度

许多学者指出,《红楼梦》是一部主要描写妇女生活的小说。在一个贵族家庭的内部庭院里,在日常生活的细节中,小说的中心人物是,除了贾宝玉之外的所有女性。近年来的一些中国红学家宣称,曹雪芹是通过对这些女性人物命运的描述,来抗议在清朝严格的儒家道德准则下对女性的严酷迫害。例如,赵荣在1982写道,这部小说是曹雪芹关于两性平等和自由婚姻的悼词。1988年韩慧强形容曹雪芹是性道德革命的倡导者。像基思bull;麦克马洪这样的西方评论家也表达了类似的观点,他在1988年提出,《红楼梦》是一个“批判父权制的”的小说。而莫斯bull;罗伯茨将这部小说描述为“深度女权主义”。

从某种层面上说,中国文学批评中包含性政治是值得称赞的。从另一个层面上说,存在一种趋势,特别是在当前的中华人民共和国的研究中,不加批判地接受任何将妇女问题视为封建、宗法主义的作品。核心问题并不是将对女性的征服包含在虚构作品中,而是如何被描绘。

从红楼梦的书中,他把读者的注意力吸引到性意识形态上。在前几章中,有几组的顺序是关于男性和女性的比较,以及男性和女性之间的比较。文章的这些部分经常被用来表示作者对清朝妇女的困境表示同情。两个最常用的例子揭示了这样的结论过于简单的本质。这本小说确实引起了人们对文本“同情女性”的性意识形态的质疑,这可能并不是他们第一次出现的那种维度。很有可能的是,不言而喻的文本揭示出的复杂性比表面上的父系的陈述要复杂得多。

在第一个例子中,叙述者说他写的是为了拯救那些和他一起长大的有才华的女人。曹雪芹在第一章的介绍中引用了这句话。

当我一个一个走过她们(我年轻时的女性同伴)hellip;突然间发觉那些女孩----她们所有人,武力道德或是智力,都优于现在应该已经成为“坟墓和大胡子”的我。这种意识带来了一种强烈的羞耻感和自责感。我解决了,可能我自己有难看的缺点,可是我不能将他们隐藏起来,不能让那些美好的女孩被入遗忘,没有纪念。

然而,正如吕西bull;安米勒写道,“声称主题小说只是女士的公寓生活是在否定作者的深刻的抱怨和痛苦的哀歌”。关于女性的公开问题的小说也是记载男性生活的一面镜子。通过如此巧妙地描绘女性,读者能够找到宝玉的启蒙之路与宝玉的痛苦感情。正如小说经常暗示的那样,“一切事物皆有两面性”。

其次,在整个小说中,我们读到年轻的未婚女孩远远优于男性,在许多不同的领域,包括写诗、文学知识,音乐天赋,对哲学的理解和道德。一方面,宝玉被他的老师和其他文学绅士评价为“某些俗气的人才作诗不值得赞扬”。另一方面,在诗歌社团中,因为他笨拙的诗歌技巧,他成为了年轻姑娘们欢笑的对象。事实上,在几乎所有的学术或文化知识中,宝玉的能力显然不然他的女性同伴。这种逆转使批评家们得出结论,曹雪芹是在抗议封建宗法制度。赵荣描述这种现象如下,“在社会上尊重男性和蔑视女性的概念支持下,曹提出尊重女性和鄙视男性”。

小说从而逆转了那些公开厌恶女人的思想,正如格言“一女子无才便是德”和“头发长,见识短”所说。然而,父权和厌恶女人的意识形态不需要假设然连贯的形式运作成功。相反,它们在看似充满了内部矛盾和模糊的同时也在建立父权社会秩序。曹雪芹的艺术作品的伟大之处在于他在他的小说文本中再现了这种模棱两可和矛盾的能力。

因此,性别秩序的简单颠倒并不一定意味着这部小说是在表达反家长制的情感。相反,仅仅女性/男性的逆转,阴/阳二进制可以强化宗法基础,因为“扭转订单只是重复这个系统”。完成一个完整的打破父权性别秩序,意味着系统消除其不平等和歧含糊之处必须解构,而不是简单地倒转。一个简单的文本逆转的方式强化男权统治地位很多;本文的主题之一------女性组织与神圣/亵渎及其相伴的纯粹/污染。

神圣的女性

在这本小说的第一卷中,读者被告知宝玉多次崇拜他的年轻女性朋友们。宝玉说的男性和女性的关系,如他的著名的宣言,“女孩是水做的,男孩是泥做的。当我和女孩们在一起的时候,我感觉清新干净,但当我和男孩在一起的时候,我感觉自己又傻又恶心。”

这部小说的最后,通过由高鹗续写的最后40章中的一个例子,我们可以看到,女性的理想化是一个贯穿始终的主题,。这个例子是是宝玉去会见他的外形相似,甄宝玉。甄奉承贾为一个“过分的纯洁、精致和优雅”的人。贾宝玉的反应是一中困惑:“为什么他描述的我好像是一个女孩?我们都是男人,是不洁的动物”。在安吉拉帕兰迪尔对小说的讨论中,这种理想化完全不正确,它与中国传统概念中的女性相反。相反,贾宝玉在小说中对年轻女孩的崇拜,是整个小说发展的传统女性形象的代表。

这廖忠安的文章中提到,跟踪起源的说法代表这样的女性的崇拜:宝玉的话语:“宇宙最纯粹的精华都集中在女性的物种”。廖之后如南宋庞元英认为这个短语有着复杂的历史。一位年轻的学者----谢喜梦,和他的老师陆香山对这句话的讨论形式略有不同。理想化不一定挑战“中国传统女性的概念,”帕兰蒂尔建议,但是,相反,最常见的一种形式的虚构的女性的代表。这种理想化的表现可以作为女性另一种形式的解释,女性崇拜仍然是一个男性崇拜社会的特权,女性在崇敬其他男性中变得自我。

崇拜变成了落魄的未分化的神圣与不洁净(道格拉斯,1966:7-10)。神圣的理想化和纯洁女性只是硬币的一面,另一面是妓女/ 污染。这一点在廖忠安的文章中得到了很好的阐述,尽管是不知情的。整容谢喜萌所宣言的,“高贵的精神勇敢的离开hellip;hellip;在讨论访问妓院的道德问题时,集中在女人身上。在这里,被污染的人与被污染的人的合并是很明显的,因为女神变成了整体,而妓女和妓女是女神。

女性地位的提升使她们成为社会道德的物质捍卫者。很可能正是这种道德征服了他们。女人因此成为她们的男人的道德镜子,并且在这个神性中受到约束。另一方面,男子气概可以象征性地代表这些道德束缚的可能代替一个位置超出了二进制的神圣与亵渎。这种潜在的男性代替社会规范重新创建在《红楼梦》在神话和模拟领域。在两个领域之间的界面男人喜欢甄士隐和柳湘莲通过苦难,获得启示和看透世俗的方式的虚荣心。他们拒绝儒家的社会责任感,他们信奉的是一种相对个人主义的道教和佛教哲学。这是合格的重要事实,在世俗层面上那些人,如贾敬,拥抱一个修道院,因此更多的社会可接受的形式的道教和佛教也是曹的蔑视的对象。它是能够蔑视规范和成为流浪的僧侣显著性的和象征性的男性。

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